Biology:Vishnufelis
Vishnufelis is a fossil genus of feline (cat) containing only a single species, Vishnufelis laticeps. It was described by Guy Ellcock Pilgrim in 1932, based on the first cranial material of a cat found in Asia: a fragmented skull found in the Chinji Formation, which dates back to the middle Miocene.[1][2]
History and naming
The holotype and only specimen, a fragmentary skull, was collected by K. Aiyengar from the Chinji Formation, some 2.75 miles (4.43 km) east of Paridarwaza in Jhelum, India. The fossils were placed in the collection in Calcutta of the Geological Survey of India, listed as GSI-D 266. In 1932, paleontologist Guy Ellcock Pilgrim described the fossils as the new genus and species Vishnufelis laticeps.[1]
No etymology for the generic or specific names was given by Pilgrim,[1] but the specific name laticeps, meaning "wide-headed" in Latin, is a common taxonomic epithet.[3]
In 1978, additional fossils of Vishnufelis sp. were reported, though not described, from the upper Lower Siwaliks in the Ramnagar basin.[4]
Description
Pilgrim described it as a primitive feline of medium size with a low, elongated skull. The nasals are short and narrow, while the zygomatic arches are broad. The second premolar was very small and situated halfway between the canine and third premolar. The third premolar was likewise reduced. At least three incisors and the fourth premolar are preserved in the fossil. He considered it most similar to the clouded leopard among extant cats.[1] Colbert, in his 1935 summary of Siwalik fossils, described it as small.[5]
Classification
Pilgrim in his original description considered Vishnufelis laticeps a very primitive member of the subfamily Felinae.[1]
A 2025 book about Siwalik fossil species listed V. laticeps as one of several taxa of uncertain status and called the validity of the species into question.[6]
Paleobiology
Vishnufelis had sharp teeth and probably preyed on smaller animals.[7]
Paleoenvironment
The Lower Siwaliks of Ramnagar were likely a half-closed, half-open woodlands ecosystem with grassy areas, riddled with waterways and floodplain channels and ponds.[8]
A 2020 analysis of carnivoran species considered it part of a Middle Miocene paleobiogeographic province in southern Asia.[9]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Pilgrim, G. (1932). "The fossil Carnivora of India". Palaeontologia Indica, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India 18: 206–209. https://archive.org/details/pilgrim1932thefossilcarnivoraofindia/page/n211/mode/1up?view=theater.
- ↑ Rothwell, Tom (2004). "Chapter 12: New Felid Material from the Ulaan Tologoi Locality, Loh Formation (Early Miocene) of Mongolia". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 285: 157. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2004)285<0157:C>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0090.
- ↑ "Laticeps". 24 December 2022. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/laticeps.
- ↑ Vasishat, R.N.; Gaur, R.; Chopra, S.R.K. (1978). "Geology, fauna and palaeo-environments of Lower Siwalik deposits around Ramnagar, India". Nature 275 (5682): 736–737. doi:10.1038/275736a0. Bibcode: 1978Natur.275..736V. https://www.nature.com/articles/275736a0.
- ↑ Colbert, Edwin H. (1935). "Siwalik Mammals in the American Museum of Natural History". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 26: 125. doi:10.2307/1005467.
- ↑ Barry, John C. (2025). "Siwalik Creodonta and Carnivora". At the Foot of the Himalayas: Paleontology and Ecosystem Dynamics of the Siwalik Record. JHU Press. pp. 231. ISBN 9781421450278. https://books.google.com/books?id=B7g5EQAAQBAJ&dq=sivasmilus&pg=PA213.
- ↑ Sehgal, Ramesh; Nanda, Avinash (2002). "Palaeoenvironment and palaeoecology of the Lower and Middle Siwalik Subgroups of a part of Northwestern Himalaya". Journal of the Geological Society of India 59 (6): 517–529. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286759255.
- ↑ Basu, Prabir Kumar (2004). "Siwalik mammals of the Jammu Sub-Himalaya, India: An appraisal of their diversity and habitats". Quaternary International 117 (1): 105–118. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00120-4. Bibcode: 2004QuInt.117..105B.
- ↑ Grohé, Camille; De Bonis, Louis; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Chavasseau, Olivier; Rugbumrung, Mana; Yamee, Chotima; Suraprasit, Kantapon; Gibert, Corentin et al. (2020). "The Late Middle Miocene Mae Moh Basin of Northern Thailand: The Richest Neogene Assemblage of Carnivora from Southeast Asia and a Paleobiogeographic Analysis of Miocene Asian Carnivorans". American Museum Novitates (2020): 1. doi:10.1206/3952.1. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/174894.
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