Burr–Erdős conjecture

In mathematics, the Burr–Erdős conjecture was a problem concerning the Ramsey number of sparse graphs. The conjecture is named after Stefan Burr and Paul Erdős, and is one of many conjectures named after Erdős; it states that the Ramsey number of graphs in any sparse family of graphs should grow linearly in the number of vertices of the graph. The conjecture was proven by Choongbum Lee. Thus it is now a theorem.

Definitions

If G is an undirected graph, then the degeneracy of G is the minimum number p such that every subgraph of G contains a vertex of degree p or smaller. A graph with degeneracy p is called p-degenerate. Equivalently, a p-degenerate graph is a graph that can be reduced to the empty graph by repeatedly removing a vertex of degree p or smaller.

It follows from Ramsey's theorem that for any graph G there exists a least integer [math]\displaystyle{ r(G) }[/math], the Ramsey number of G, such that any complete graph on at least [math]\displaystyle{ r(G) }[/math] vertices whose edges are coloured red or blue contains a monochromatic copy of G. For instance, the Ramsey number of a triangle is 6: no matter how the edges of a complete graph on six vertices are colored red or blue, there is always either a red triangle or a blue triangle.

The conjecture

In 1973, Stefan Burr and Paul Erdős made the following conjecture:

For every integer p there exists a constant c_p so that any p-degenerate graph G on n vertices has Ramsey number at most c_p n.

That is, if an n-vertex graph G is p-degenerate, then a monochromatic copy of G should exist in every two-edge-colored complete graph on c_p n vertices.

Known results

Before the full conjecture was proved, it was first settled in some special cases. It was proven for bounded-degree graphs by (Chvátal Rödl); their proof led to a very high value of c_p, and improvements to this constant were made by (Eaton 1998) and (Graham Rödl). More generally, the conjecture is known to be true for p-arrangeable graphs, which includes graphs with bounded maximum degree, planar graphs and graphs that do not contain a subdivision of K_p. It is also known for subdivided graphs, graphs in which no two adjacent vertices have degree greater than two.

For arbitrary graphs, the Ramsey number is known to be bounded by a function that grows only slightly superlinearly. Specifically, (Fox Sudakov) showed that there exists a constant c_p such that, for any p-degenerate n-vertex graph G,

[math]\displaystyle{ r(G) \leq 2^{c_p \sqrt{\log n}} n. }[/math]

References

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• Chen, Guantao; Schelp, Richard H. (1993), "Graphs with linearly bounded Ramsey numbers", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B 57 (1): 138–149, doi:10.1006/jctb.1993.1012 .
• "The Ramsey number of a graph with bounded maximum degree", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B 34 (3): 239–243, 1983, doi:10.1016/0095-8956(83)90037-0 .
• Eaton, Nancy (1998), "Ramsey numbers for sparse graphs", Discrete Mathematics 185 (1–3): 63–75, doi:10.1016/S0012-365X(97)00184-2 .
• Fox, Jacob; Sudakov, Benny (2009), "Two remarks on the Burr–Erdős conjecture", European Journal of Combinatorics 30 (7): 1630–1645, doi:10.1016/j.ejc.2009.03.004 .
• "On graphs with linear Ramsey numbers", Journal of Graph Theory 35 (3): 176–192, 2000, doi:10.1002/1097-0118(200011)35:3<176::AID-JGT3>3.0.CO;2-C .
• "On bipartite graphs with linear Ramsey numbers", Combinatorica 21 (2): 199–209, 2001, doi:10.1007/s004930100018 
• Kalai, Gil (May 22, 2015), "Choongbum Lee proved the Burr-Erdős conjecture", Combinatorics and more, https://gilkalai.wordpress.com/2015/05/22/choongbum-lee-proved-the-burr-erdos-conjecture/, retrieved 2015-05-22 
• Lee, Choongbum (2017), "Ramsey numbers of degenerate graphs", Annals of Mathematics 185 (3): 791–829, doi:10.4007/annals.2017.185.3.2 
• Li, Yusheng (1997), "Ramsey linear families and generalized subdivided graphs", Discrete Mathematics 170 (1–3): 269–275, doi:10.1016/S0012-365X(96)00311-1 .
• Rödl, Vojtěch (1991), "Arrangeability and clique subdivisions", The Mathematics of Paul Erdős, II, Springer-Verlag, pp. 236–239, http://www.math.gatech.edu/~thomas/PAP/arran.pdf .