Cebuano number systems
Cebuano has two number systems: the native system and the Spanish-derived system. The native system is mostly used for counting small numbers, basic measurement, and for other pre-existing native concepts that deals with numbers. Meanwhile, the Spanish-derived system is mainly used for concepts that only existed post-colonially such as counting large numbers, currency, solar time, and advanced mathematics.
History
Unlike other Philippine languages, the native number system of Cebuano was derived solely from the non-human forms of Proto-Austronesian numerals instead of a combination of both human and non-human numerals, such as in Tagalog and Hiligaynon.[1]
Types
The native numerals are categorized into three types: cardinal, ordinal, and distributive.[2]
Cardinal
| Number | Native | Spanish-derived |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | usá | uno |
| 2 | duhá | dos |
| 3 | tuló | tres |
| 4 | upát | kwatro |
| 5 | limá | singko |
| 6 | unóm | says |
| 7 | pitó | syete |
| 8 | waló | otso |
| 9 | siyám | nuybi |
| 10 | napulò, pulò | dyis |
| 11 | napúlog usá | onse |
| 12 | napúlog duhá | dose |
| 13 | napúlog tuló | trese |
| 14 | napúlog upát | katórse |
| 15 | napúlog limá | kinse |
| 16 | napúlog unóm | diyesiséys |
| 17 | napúlog pitó | diyesisiyete |
| 18 | napúlog waló | diyesiyotso |
| 19 | napúlog siyám | diyesinwebe |
| 20 | kaluháan (kaduháan) | beynte |
| 21 | kaluháag usá | beyntiwuno |
| 22 | kaluháag duhá | beyntidos |
| 23 | kaluháag tuló | beyntitres |
| 24 | kaluháag upát | beyntikwatro |
| 25 | kaluháag limá | beyntisingko |
| 30 | katlóan (katulóan) | treynta |
| 40 | kap-atan (kaupátan) | kwarénta |
| 50 | kalím-an (kalimáan) | sinkwénta |
| 60 | kan-óman (kaunóman) | sesenta |
| 70 | kapitóan | seténta |
| 80 | kawalóan | otsénta |
| 90 | kasiyáman | nobénta |
| 100 | usá ka gatós | siyén, siyento |
| 200 | duhá ka gatós | dosiyéntos |
| 300 | tuló ka gatós | tresiyéntos |
| 400 | upát ka gatós | kwatrosiyéntos |
| 500 | limá ka gatós | kiniyéntos |
| 1,000 | usá ka libo | mil |
| 5,000 | limá ka libo | singko mil |
| 10,000 | usá ka laksà, napulò ka libo | diyes mil |
| 50,000 | limá ka laksà, kalím-an ka libo | singkwenta mil |
| 100,000 | napulò ka laksà, usá ka gatós ka líbo | siyén mil |
| 1,000,000 | usá ka yukót | milyón |
| 1,000,000,000 | usá ka wakát | bilyón (mil milyones) |
Like other Visayan languages, cardinal numbers are linked to the noun with the ligature ka.
usa ka tawo a/one person kaluhaan ug usa ka bulan twenty-one months
Ordinal
Ordinal numbers in Cebuano are formed using the ika- prefix, except una.
| Number | Cebuano |
|---|---|
| 1st | una |
| 2nd | ikaduhá |
| 3rd | ikatuló |
| 4th | ikaupát |
| 5th | ikalimá |
| 6th | ikaunóm |
| 7th | ikapitó |
| 8th | ikawaló |
| 9th | ikasiyám |
| 10th | ikanapulò, ikapulò |
| 11th | ikanapúlog-usá |
| 20th | ikakaluháan |
| 21st | ikakaluháag-usá |
| 25th | ikakaluháag-limá |
| 30th | ikakatlóan |
| 40th | ikakap-atan |
| 50th | ikakalím-an |
| 60th | ikakan-óman |
| 70th | ikakapitóan |
| 80th | ikakawalóan |
| 90th | ikakasiyáman |
| 100th | ikagatós |
| 200th | ikaduhá ka gatós |
| 500th | ikalimá ka gatós |
| 1,000th | ikalibo |
| 5,000th | ikalimá ka libo |
| 10,000th | ikalaksà, ikanapulò ka libo |
| 50,000th | ikalimá ka laksà, ikakalím-an ka libo |
| 100,000th | ikagatós ka líbo |
| 1,000,000th | ikayukót |
| 1,000,000,000th | ikawakát |
Distributive
Distributive numbers in Cebuano are formed by attaching the tag- prefix to the numerical root. Irregular words may be formed depending on the number being attached to.
| Number | Cebuano |
|---|---|
| 1 | tagsa |
| 2 | tagurha |
| 3 | tagutlo |
| 4 | tag-upat |
| 5 | tagilma |
| 6 | tag-unom |
| 7 | tagpito |
| 8 | tagwalo |
| 9 | tagsiyam |
| 10 | tagnapulò, tagpulò |
| 11 | tagnapúlog-usá |
| 20 | tagkaluháan |
| 21 | tagkaluháag-usá |
| 25 | tagkaluháag-limá |
| 30 | tagkatlóan |
| 40 | tagkap-atan |
| 50 | tagkalím-an |
| 60 | tagkan-óman |
| 70 | tagkapitóan |
| 80 | tagkawalóan |
| 90 | tagkasiyáman |
| 100 | taggatós |
| 200 | tagurha ka gatós |
| 500 | tagilma ka gatós |
| 1,000 | taglibo |
| 5,000 | tagilma ka libo |
| 10,000 | taglaksà, tagnapulò ka libo |
| 50,000 | tagilma ka laksà, tagkalím-an ka libo |
| 100,000 | taggatós ka líbo |
| 1,000,000 | tagyukót |
| 1,000,000,000 | tagwakát |
See also
- Cebuano language
- Cebuano grammar
References
- ↑ Blust, R. A. (2009). The Austronesian languages (Revised ed.). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. p. 278. ISBN 9780858836020. https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/10191/6/Blust-2013-AustronesianLanguages.pdf.
- ↑ Encina, Francisco (1801). "Chapter 24" (in Spanish, Cebuano). Arte de la lengua zebuana. p. 569. https://archive.org/details/artedelalenguaze00enci_0/page/n1/mode/2up.
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