Chemistry:Cotton production in China
Cotton production in China pertains to cotton which is the prime cash crop of China. Its production is the highest in the world (in excess of 20 percent of world production) since 1982 until recently overtaken by India. Twenty four of the 35 provinces of China grow cotton with nearly 300 million people involved in its production. It is the main input for textile industry of the country with cotton textiles now accounting for 80% use vis-a-vis 95% in the 1950s. The cotton textile industry employs over 10 million people.[1][2] Its production in 2012–13 was 7.6 million tons but in 2013–14 it dropped to 7 million tons.[3] Historically, its introduction in China is considered a 'southernization', crop which originated from southern Asia (India) during the "proto-globalization" period.[4]
History
Cotton, which is called mian (棉) or mumian (木棉) in Chinese was first reported from an area now known as Yunnan, some time around 200 BC.[4] Lao-ai tribe in the southwest border region is reported to have produced quality cotton cloth around 25–220 CE. In the Tarim Basin archaeological finds of cotton cloth on mummies dated around 1,000 BC have also been reported. In the early Han dynasty period in Siachen in Western China, around 100 BC, quality cotton cloth has been noted. From all these documented and archaeological evidences, a historian has called the introduction of cotton in the country as "southernization" during which period the cotton species introduced were Gossypium herbaceum (an Afro-Asian species) and Gossypium arboretum and Gossypium hardense from India; the latter species were grown in Guangdong and Fujian provinces during the ninth century AD but were blocked for introduction into Sichuan province due to a strong silk lobby.[4] However, adoption of scientific methods of cultivation came into practice only from 1949.[5]
Area under cotton
The cotton sown area accounts for about 30 percent of the total sown area of all the various cash crops. The major regions, according where cotton is a prime crop are the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, the Yangtze River Basin (including provinces of Jiangxi and Hubei), and the Huang-Huai Region (mainly in provinces of Hebei, Henan, and Shandong).[2]:60 However, according to agroclimatic regions they are under three zones of the northwest inland cotton region, the Yellow River valley region and the Yangtze River valley region, which together account for 99.5% area under cotton with a total yield of 99.7%. The area planted in 2012 was 5.3 million hectares and the average lint yield was 1,438 kilograms (3,170 lb) per ha.[5]
Varieties of cotton
Both Bt cotton and non Bt cotton varieties are used in China. Bt cotton is a major Genetically modified crop, which is adopted for commercial production. This was introduced after several field trials in cotton growing provinces and found to be economically profitable in terms of not only production but also revenue. It was introduced in 2002 in about 45% of country’s total area under cotton as it also proved to have better pest resistance. The Hybrid (F1) Bt cotton, developed after crossing with a non-Bt line, has found favour in southern China because of higher yield due to better methods of farming such as seedling transplantation and planting at lower population density. Now Bollgard Bt cotton is adopted in 55% of cropped area while 45% area is planted with China’s own Bt cotton.[6]
Production
According to the FAO statistics for 2012, cotton production was 6.84 million tonnes with cotton seed production of 13.68 million tonnes.[7] The crops grown are under intensive cotton cultivation practices, typically with Chinese adaptations covering special seedling transplanting (since 1950's), plastic mulching since 1979, plant training and double cropping of the cotton–wheat (Triticum aestivum) system (from 1980s to 1990s). Another practice introduced extensively since 1980 is the adoption of high-yielding cultivation pattern known as "short-dense-early" in the northwestern inland areas which is stated to have contributed to China achieving the status of world number one in cotton production.[5]
References
- ↑ Zhuo, Zhu. "A study on rational location of the cotton production in China". Springer Link. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02664509. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "The Cotton Sector in China" (pdf). United Nations Environment Programme. p. 57. http://www.unep.ch/etu/publications/Synth_China.PDF. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ↑ Meador & Xinping 2013, p. 3.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Zurndorfer, Harriet T.. "The Resistant Fibre: The Pre-modern History of Cotton in China" (pdf). London School of economic and Political Science. http://www.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/Research/GEHN/HELSINKIZurndorfer%20.pdf. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Dai, Jianlong; Dong, Hezhong (January 2014). "Intensive cotton farming technologies in China: Achievements, challenges and countermeasures". Science Direct Journal. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378429013003237. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ↑ Dong, Hezhong. "Development of hybrid Bt cotton in China– A successful integration of transgenic technology and conventional techniques" (pdf). Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252004/778.pdf. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
- ↑ "Final 2012 Data and Preliminary 2013 Data for 5 major commodity aggregates". Food And Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/desktopdefault.aspx#ancor. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
Bibliography
- Meador, M. Melinda; Xinping, Wu (2 April 2013). "China Peoples Republic of, Cotton and Products Annual 2013 4/2/2013" (pdf). USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Cotton%20and%20Products%20Annual_Beijing_China%20-%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_4-2-2013.pdf. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
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