Chemistry:Fluorosulfates

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The fluorosulfates or fluorosulfonates are a set of salts of fluorosulfuric acid with an ion formula SO3F−. The fluorosulfate anion can be treated as though it were a hydrogen sulfate anion with hydroxyl substituted by fluorine.[1] The fluorosulfate ion has a low propensity to form complexes with metal cations. Since fluorine is similar in size to oxygen, the fluorosulfate ion is roughly tetrahedral and forms salts similar to those of the perchlorate ion. It is isoelectronic with sulfate, SO
4-2
.[2] When an organic group is substituted for the anions, organic fluorosulfonates are formed. In solution the fluorosulfate anion is completely ionised. The volume of the ions is 47.8 cm3/mol.[3] Most metal ions, and quaternary ammonium ions, can form fluorosulfate salts.[3] Different ways to make these salts include treating a metal chloride with anhydrous fluorosulfuric acid, which releases hydrogen chloride gas. Double decomposition methods utilising a metal sulfate with barium fluorosulfate, or a metal chloride with silver fluorosulfate, leave the metal salt in solution.[3]

The fluorosulfate anion is weakly coordinating, and is difficult to oxidise. It is important historically as a model weakly coordinating anion. However, by the twenty-first century fluorosulfate was superseded in this use, in particular by BARF.[2]

Many pseudobinary fluorosulfate salts are known. They are called pseudobinary, because although there is one other element, there are four kinds of atoms. Nonmetal pseudobinary fluorosulfates are known including those of halogens and xenon.[2]

Some pseudoternary fluorosulfates exist including Cs[Sb(SO3F)6], Cs[Au(SO3F)4], Cs2[Pt(SO3F)6][2]

Related ionic compounds are the fluoroselenites SeO3F− and the fluorosulfites SO2F−.[4] The sulfate fluorides are distinct, as they contain fluoride ions without a bond to the sulfate groups.

One fluorosulfate containing mineral called reederite-(Y) exists. It is a mixed anion compound that also contains carbonate and chloride.[5]

Compounds

Formula Name Colour Decomposition temperature (°C) Decomposition product Crystal Ref
LiSO3F lithium fluorosulfate C2/m a=8.54 b=7.62 c=4.98 β=90.0 V=81 [1]
Be(SO3F)2 SO3 [6]
CF3(SO3F) [6]
CF2(SO3F)2 [6]
CF(SO3F)3 [6]
C(SO3F)4 [6]
NH4SO3F ammonium fluorosulfate Orthorhombic Pnma a=8.97 b=6.00 c=7.54 V=101.4 Z=4 [1]
N(CH3)4SO3F tetramethylammonium fluorosulfate Orthorhombic Pnma a=8.38 b=8.38 c=5.86 V=102.88 Z=4 [1]
NIIIOSO3F nitrosyl fluorosulfonate melts 156 density 1.96 [4][7]
NVO2SO3F nitronium fluorosulfinate [7]
S2O6F2 bis(fluorosulfuryl) peroxide [2]
NaSO3F sodium fluorosulfate Hexagonal a=5.4812 b=5.4812 c=6.5172 V=169.57 Z=2 D=2.390 [1]
Mg(SO3F)2 magnesium fluorosulfonate SO3 [4]
Al(SO3F)2.3CH3CN [8]
Al(SO3F)3 aluminium fluorosulfate white polymeric, fluorosulfate is bidentate and bridged [9]
Si(SO3F)4 silicon tetrafluorosulfonate S2O5F2
SiO2 		[4]
PVO(SO3F)3 phosphoryl trifluorosulfonate S2O5F2 [4]
PO(SO3F) [6]
ClSO3F chlorosulfuryl fluoride [2]
ClO2SO3F chloryl fluorosulfate red or pale yellow low melting point [10]
KSO3F potassium fluorosulfate Pnma a=8.62 b=5.84 c=7.35 V=92.5 [1]
Ca(SO3F)2 CaF2 SO3 [6]
TiIV(SO3F)4 titanium tetrafluorosulfonate
titanium(IV) fluorosulfonate 		S2O5F2 [4]
VO(SO3F)3 deep red liquid [11][12]
CrVIO2(SO3F)2 chromyl fluorosulfate green or brown [13]
Mn(SO3F)2 [6]
MnO(SO3F) brownish black [6]
Mn(SO3F)3 [14]
MnI(CO)4(SO3F) [14]
MnI(CO)5(SO3F) [14]
Rb2Mn(SO3F)5 [14]
Cs2Mn(SO3F)5 [14]
FeIII(SO3F)3 ferric fluorosulfate green grey 230 S2O5F2
SO3
FeF3 		[15]
CoO(SO3F) chocolate brown [6]
Ni(SO3F)2 [6]
Ni(py)4(SO3F)2 py=pyridine [16]
NiO(SO3F) dark grey [6]
CuII(SO3F)2 cupric fluorosulfate
copper(II) fluorosulfate 		pale yellow/white 210 S2O5F2
SO3
CuSO4
CuF2 		[15]
CuII(py)4(SO3F)2 py=pyridine [16]
Cu(SO3F).CH3CN [8]
Zn(SO3F)2 zinc fluorosulfate white 280 SO3
ZnF2 		[15]
Zn(py)4(SO3F)2 py=pyridine [16]
GaIII(SO3F)3 gallium fluorosulfate white 240 SO3 polymeric [17][18]
AsIII(SO3F)3 arsenic trifluorosulfonate
arsenic(III) fluorosulfonate 		S2O5F2 [4]
AsVF2(SO3F)3 [6]
AsVF3(SO3F)2 [6]
BrSO3F bromosulfuryl fluoride red liquid [2]
RbSO3F rubidium fluorosulfate Orthorhombic Pnma a=8.7812 b=6.0318 c=7.5108 V=397.82 Z=4 D=3.081 [1]
Sr(SO3F)2 SO2F2 [6]
MoO2(SO3F)2 [19]
NbV(SO3F)5 niobium pentafluorosulfonate
niobium(V) fluorosulfate 		colourless solution 25 SO3 [20]
NbO(SO3F)3 yellow liquid [19]
Ru(SO3F)3 very dark red [21]
CsRu(SO3F)4 dark brown [21]
ClO2Ru(SO3F)4 black [21]
CsRu(SO3F)5 red brown [21]
Cs2Ru(SO3F)6 bright orange [21]
K2Ru(SO3F)6 bright orange [21]
Rh(SO3F)3 bright orange 190 [22]
Pd(SO3F)2 purple 250 SO3 PdF2 [23]
Pd(SO3F)3 dark brown 180 [23]
Pd(CO)2(SO3F)2 bis(carbonyl)palladium(II) fluorosulfate yellow [24]
c-Pd2(μ-CO)2](SO3F)2 cyclo-Bis(μ-carbonyl)dipalladium(I) Fluorosulfate orange monoclinic C2/c a=11.495 b=8.255 c=9.556 β =91.94 Z=8 [25]
AgISO3F silver fluorosulfate P21/m a=5.413 b=8.174 c=7.544 β=94.60 V=83.17 Z=4 [1]
AgII(SO3F)2 silver(II) fluorosulfate dark brown room temperature
fast >120 		Ag3(SO3F)4
SO3F• 		monoclinic a=10.5130 Å, b= 7.7524 Å, c = 8.9366 Å, β = 117.867° V =643.88 Å3, Z = 4, d = 3.15 gcm−3 [26]
Ag2O(SO3F)2 black [6]
AgI2AgII(SO3F)4 silver(I, II) fluorosulfate black [26]
KAgI2AgII(SO3F)5 orthorhombic P 2221, a = 6.4736 b = 7.3915 c = 17.7736 [27]
RbAgI2AgII(SO3F)5 orthorhombic P 2221, a = 6.4828 b = 7.3551c = 18.0262 [27]
RbAgII(SO3F)3 monoclinic P 21/m , a = 15.815 b = 15.486 c = 17.021 β = 101.513 [27]
CsAgII(SO3F)3 triclinic P1_ , a = 14.9241 b = 9.7046 c = 17.8465 α = 109.116°, β = 84.655° γ = 119.171° [27]
Cd(SO3F)2 [6]
InIII(SO3F)3 Indium tri(fluorosulfate) polymeric [28]
SnIV(SO3F)4 tin tetrafluorosulfonate
tin(IV) fluorosulfonate 		S2O5F2 [4]
SbF4SO3F [6]
Sb(SO3F)2.2CH3CN [8]
Cs[Sb(SO3F)6] Cesium hexakis(fluorosulfato)antimonate(V) trigonal, R3̄ a = 12.0317 Å, c = 12.026 Å, Z = 3 [29]
TeF5SO3F [6]
ISO3F [30]
ICl2SO3F [30]
IBr2SO3F rust brown 90 ISO3F, Br2 [30]
IO2SO3F iodyl fluorosulfate 100 yellow [31]
IVF3(SO3F)2 iodine trifluoride bisfluorosulfonate [4]
FXe(SO3F) [6]
XeII(SO3F)2 xenon(II) fluorosulfate [2]
F5XeVI(SO3F) [6]
CsSO3F caesium fluorosulfate l41/a a=5.611 b=5.611 c=14.13 V=111.3 Z=4 [1]
Cs[H(SO3F)2] [29]
Ba(SO3F)2 BaSO4 SO2F2 [6]
Ho(SO3F)3 holmium fluorosulfate [32]
TaV(SO3F)5 tantalum pentafluorosulfonate
pentakis(fluorosulfonato)tantalum(V) 		colourless solution [20]
TaVO(SO3F)3 yellow liquid [19]
WVIO(SO3F)4 oxo tetrakis(fluorosulfato)tungsten(VI) colourless liquid [19][33]
ReVIIO2(SO3F)3 dioxo trisfluorosulfato rhenium(VII) white solid [19]
ReVIIO3(SO3F) trioxo fluorosulfato rhenium(VII) yellow liquid [19]
ReI(CO)5(SO3F) [14]
Os(SO3F)3 bright green 130 [22]
Ir(SO3F)3 [34]
Ir(SO3F)4 [35]
Cs2Ir(SO3F)6 [35]
BaIr(SO3F)6 [35]
(ClO2)2Ir(SO3F)6 [35]
mer-Ir(CO)3(SO3F)3 mer-Tris(carbonyl)iridium(III) Fluorosulfate colourless Monoclinic P21/c, Z = 4, a = 8.476 b = 12.868 c = 12.588 β = 108.24°, V = 1304.0 MW 573.42 [34]
Pt(SO3F)4 [24]
Cs2[Pt(SO3F)6] cesium hexakis(fluorosulfato)platinate(IV) [29]
Pt(CO)2(SO3F)2 bis(carbonyl)platinum(II) fluorosulfate creamy white [24]
AuICO(SO3F) [24]
AuII(SO3F)2 gold(II) fluorosulfate yellow red [36]
AuIII(SO3F)3 [24]
Cs[Au(SO3F)4] Cesium Tetrakis(fluorosulfato)aurate(III) monoclinic, C2/c a = 17.725 Å, b = 5.822 Å, c = 14.624 Å, β = 102.120°, Z = 4 [29]
Hg(SO3F)2 mercuric fluorosulfate density 3.715 [15]
TlSO3F thallium fluorosulfate Orthorhombic a=5.2205 b=5.5141 c=13.4378 V=386.83 Z=4 D=5.210 [1]
TlO(SO3F) brown [6]
TlIII(SO3F)3 thallium tri(fluorosulfate)
thallium(III) fluorosulfonate 		[28]
PbIV(SO3F)4 lead(IV) fluorosulfate [20][37]
BiIII(SO3F)3 bismuth(III) fluorosulfate
tris(fluorosulfonato)bismuth(III) 		[20][38]
ThIV(SO3F)4 thorium(IV) fluorosulfate [20]
UII(SO3F)2 yellow [19]
UIII(SO3F)3 green [19]
UIV(SO3F)4 uranium(IV) fluorosulfate tan [20][39]
Na2UIV(SO3F)6 [19]
UIVO(SO3F)2 oxouranium(IV) fluorosulfate [39]
UVIO2(SO3F)2 uranyl fluorosulfate
dioxouranium(VI) fluorosulfate 		[39]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Michałowski, Tomasz; Leszczyński, Piotr J.; Cyrański, Michał; Dobrzycki, Łukasz; Budzianowski, Armand; Grochala, Wojciech (August 2012). "The missing crystal structures of fluorosulfates of monovalent cations: M(I)SO3F, M=Na, Rb and Tl". Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 140: 116–120. doi:10.1016/j.jfluchem.2012.05.004. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Michałowski, Tomasz; Malinowski, Przemysław J.; Grochala, Wojciech (September 2016). "Synthesis, crystal structures, and selected properties of metal fluorosulfates(VI)". Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 189: 102–118. doi:10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.07.024. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lawrance, Geoffrey A. (February 1986). "Coordinated trifluoromethanesulfonate and fluorosulfate". Chemical Reviews 86 (1): 17–33. doi:10.1021/cr00071a002. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Simons, J. H. (1964) (in en). Fluorine Chemistry volume 5. Elsevier. pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-0-323-14724-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=9AbqU4cI93wC&pg=PA71. 
  5. ↑ Grice, Joel D.; Gault, Robert A.; Chao, George Y. (1 October 1995). "Reederite-(Y), a new sodium rare-earth carbonate mineral with a unique fluorosulfate anion". American Mineralogist 80 (9–10): 1059–1064. doi:10.2138/am-1995-9-1023. Bibcode: 1995AmMin..80.1059G. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 Jache, Albert W. (1974) (in en), Fluorosulfuric Acid, Its Salts, and Derivatives, Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, 16, Elsevier, pp. 177–200, doi:10.1016/s0065-2792(08)60292-7, ISBN 978-0-12-023616-9 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Roberts, John E.; Cady, George H. (January 1960). "The Preparation of Mercury(II), Nitrosyl and Nitronium Fluorosulfonates from Peroxydisulfuryl Difluoride" (in en). Journal of the American Chemical Society 82 (2): 353–354. doi:10.1021/ja01487a024. ISSN 0002-7863. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Hayek, E.; Czaloun, A.; Krismer, B. (1956). "Bildung und Zersetzung von Fluorsulfonaten" (in de). Monatshefte für Chemie 87 (6): 741–748. doi:10.1007/BF00899586. ISSN 0026-9247. 
  9. ↑ Singh, Sukhjinder; Verma, Rajendar D. (January 1983). "Aluminium tris(fluorosulphate)". Polyhedron 2 (11): 1209–1210. doi:10.1016/S0277-5387(00)84360-0. 
  10. ↑ A.G. Sharpe; H.J. Emeléus (1976). Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry Volume 18. [S.l.]: Academic Press. pp. 357–358. ISBN 0-12-023618-4. 
  11. ↑ Nakamoto, Kazuo (2009-01-16) (in en). Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, Part B: Applications in Coordination, Organometallic, and Bioinorganic Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 89. ISBN 978-0-470-40587-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=IQZKdQ1rSKQC&dq=%22VO(SO3F)3%22&pg=PA89. 
  12. ↑ Brown, S. D.; Gard, G. L. (1978-05-01). "Oxidation of some transition metal carbonyls by peroxydisulfuryl difluoride" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 17 (5): 1363–1364. doi:10.1021/ic50183a052. ISSN 0020-1669. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ic50183a052. 
  13. ↑ Ben Altabef, A.; Brandán, S.A. (September 2010). "A new vibrational study of chromyl fluorosulfate, CrO2(SO3F)2 by DFT calculations". Journal of Molecular Structure 981 (1–3): 146–152. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.07.045. Bibcode: 2010JMoSt.981..146B. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Mallela, S. P.; Aubke, F. (September 1985). "Fluorosulfate derivatives of manganese and rhenium" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 24 (19): 2969–2975. doi:10.1021/ic00213a020. ISSN 0020-1669. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Goubeau, J.; Milne, J. B. (15 October 1967). "Preparation and characterization of Zn(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III) fluorosulfates". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 45 (20): 2321–2326. doi:10.1139/v67-378. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Alleyne, Carl S.; Thompson, Robert C. (1974-09-15). "Coordinating Properties of the Fluorosulfate Ion. Tetrakis(pyridine) Complexes of Zinc(II), Copper(II), and Nickel(II) Fluorosulfates" (in en). Canadian Journal of Chemistry 52 (18): 3218–3228. doi:10.1139/v74-474. ISSN 0008-4042. 
  17. ↑ Storr, A.; Yeats, P. A.; Aubke, F. (1972-02-01). "Gallium(III)-trisfluorosulfate" (in en). Canadian Journal of Chemistry 50 (3): 452–454. doi:10.1139/v72-068. ISSN 0008-4042. 
  18. ↑ Storr, A.; Yeats, P. A.; Aubke, F. (February 1972). "Gallium(III)-trisfluorosulfate". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 50 (3): 452–454. doi:10.1139/v72-068. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 Emme, Larry (2000-01-01). "Synthesis of Uranium Fluorosulfates and the Group VI B Difluorophosphates" (in en). Dissertations and Theses. doi:10.15760/etd.1593. http://archives.pdx.edu/ds/psu/10879. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 Cicha, Walter Vladimir (1984). Fluorosulfate Derivatives of Niobium and Tanatalum and their behavior as Components of Novel Super Acid Systems (Thesis). University of British Columbia. pp. 107, 138.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 Leung, Patrick C.; Aubke, Friedhelm (1984-12-01). "Fluorosulfates of the noble metals. Part 6. Synthesis and magnetic properties of fluorosulfato compounds of ruthenium" (in en). Canadian Journal of Chemistry 62 (12): 2892–2897. doi:10.1139/v84-489. ISSN 0008-4042. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Leung, P.C.; Wong, G.B.; Aubke, F. (May 1987). "Fluorosulfates of the noble metals, Part 7: The tris fluorosulfates of osmium and rhodium" (in en). Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 35 (4): 607–620. doi:10.1016/S0022-1139(00)81959-4. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Lee, K. C.; Aubke, F. (1977-07-01). "Fluorosulfates of palladium" (in en). Canadian Journal of Chemistry 55 (13): 2473–2477. doi:10.1139/v77-338. ISSN 0008-4042. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 Hwang, G.; Wang, C.; Bodenbinder, M.; Willner, H.; Aubke, F. (February 1994). "The syntheses and vibrational spectra of bis(carbonyl)platinum(II) fluorosulfate, Pt(CO)2(SO3F)2, and bis(carbonyl)palladium(II) fluorosulfate, Pd(CO)2(SO3F)2" (in en). Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 66 (2): 159–166. doi:10.1016/0022-1139(93)03013-C. 
  25. ↑ Wang, Changqing; Bodenbinder, Matthias; Willner, Helge; Rettig, Steven; Trotter, James; Aubke, Friedhelm (February 1994). "Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Vibrational Spectra of cyclo-Bis(.mu.-carbonyl)dipalladium(I) Fluorosulfate, [c-Pd2(.mu.-CO)2](SO3F)2" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 33 (4): 779–786. doi:10.1021/ic00082a026. ISSN 0020-1669. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Malinowski, Przemysław J.; Derzsi, Mariana; Mazej, Zoran; Jagličić, Zvonko; Leszczyński, Piotr J.; Michałowski, Tomasz; Grochala, Wojciech (June 2011). "Silver(II) Fluorosulfate: A Thermally Fragile Ferromagnetic Derivative of Divalent Silver in an Oxa-Ligand Environment". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2011 (16): 2499–2507. doi:10.1002/ejic.201100077. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Michałowski, T.; Mazej, Z.; Budzianowski, A.; Jagličić, Z.; Leszczyński, P. J.; Grochala, W. (January 2015). "Unexpectedly Complex Crystalline Phases in the MSO 3 F-Ag(SO 3 F) 2 Phase Diagram (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs): Complex Crystalline Phases" (in en). European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2015 (2): 324–332. doi:10.1002/ejic.201402948. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Paul, R. C.; Sharma, R. D.; Singh, S.; Verma, R. D. (1981). "Indium and thalium fluorosulphates". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 43 (8): 1919–1920. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(81)80409-5. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Zhang, Dingliang; Rettig, Steven J.; Trotter, James; Aubke, Friedhelm (January 1996). "Superacid Anions: Crystal and Molecular Structures of Oxonium Undecafluorodiantimonate(V), [H 3 O][Sb 2 F 11 ], Cesium Fluorosulfate, CsSO 3 F, Cesium Hydrogen Bis(fluorosulfate), Cs[H(SO 3 F) 2 ], Cesium Tetrakis(fluorosulfato)aurate(III), Cs[Au(SO 3 F) 4 ], Cesium Hexakis(fluorosulfato)platinate(IV), Cs 2 [Pt(SO 3 F) 6 ], and Cesium Hexakis(fluorosulfato)antimonate(V), Cs[Sb(SO 3 F) 6 ]" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 35 (21): 6113–6130. doi:10.1021/ic960525l. ISSN 0020-1669. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Yeats, P.A; Wilson, W.W; Aubke, F (February 1973). "Dibromoiodine(III)-and dichloroiodine(III)-fluorosulfate" (in en). Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 9 (2): 209–214. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(73)80057-1. 
  31. ↑ Aubke, Friedhelm; Cady, George H.; Kennard, C. H. L. (December 1964). "Iodyl Fluorosulfate" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 3 (12): 1799–1800. doi:10.1021/ic50022a041. ISSN 0020-1669. 
  32. ↑ Johnson, Wesley M.; Macklin, John W. (May 1976). "Vibration spectra and structure of lanthanide fluorosulfate compounds" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 15 (5): 1216–1220. doi:10.1021/ic50159a049. ISSN 0020-1669. 
  33. ↑ Dev, Rajendar.; Cady, George H. (May 1972). "Synthesis and characterization of oxotetrakis(fluorosulfato)tungsten(VI)" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 11 (5): 1134–1135. doi:10.1021/ic50111a046. ISSN 0020-1669. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Wang, Changqing; Lewis, Andrew R.; Batchelor, Raymond J.; Einstein, Frederick W. B.; Willner, Helge; Aubke, Friedhelm (January 1996). "Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Vibrational Spectra of mer -Tris(carbonyl)iridium(III) Fluorosulfate, mer -Ir(CO) 3 (SO 3 F) 3" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 35 (5): 1279–1285. doi:10.1021/ic9506769. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 11666319. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Lee, Keith C.; Aubke, Friedhelm (January 1982). "Fluorosulfates of the noble metals, part 4 fluorosulfates of iridium" (in en). Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 19 (3–6): 501–516. doi:10.1016/S0022-1139(00)83149-8. 
  36. ↑ Willner, H.; Mistry, F.; Hwang, G.; Herring, F.G.; Cader, M.S.R.; Aubke, F. (April 1991). "Fluorosulfate derivatives of divalent gold". Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 52 (1): 13–27. doi:10.1016/S0022-1139(00)80318-8. 
  37. ↑ Carter, Henry A.; Charles A. Milne; F. Aubke (1975). "Lead (IV) fluorosulphate". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 37 (1): 282–283. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(75)80170-9. (not consulted)
  38. ↑ Paul, R. C.; Singh, S.; Kumar, R. C.; Sharma, R. D.; Verma, R. D. (1979). "NATURE OF TRIS (FLUOROSULPHATO) BISMUTH (III) AND CHLOROBIS (FLUOROSULPHATO) BISMUTH (III)". Indian Journal of Chemistry, Section A 17 (3): 273–275. (not consulted)
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Paul, R.C.; Singh, Sukhijinder; Verma, Rajendar D. (August 1980). "Dioxouranium(VI) and oxouranium(IV) fluorosulphates and double fluorosulphates of uranium(IV)". Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 16 (2): 153–160. doi:10.1016/S0022-1139(00)82390-8. 



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