Chemistry:Pallaqueo
In the Andean mining tradition pallaqueo, palleo[1] or pirquineo[2] is the hand selection of rock fragments with ore for further processing.[3][4] Usually, pallaqueo is done in piles of discarded material with little planning, randomly and without authorization.[5][3] However, historically in places like Potosí and Pulacayo in Bolivia, pallaqueo has been regarded as an integral part of the mining operation.[6][7][8] Pallaqueo has the benefit that it can allow for high –or over-all increased– ore grades to be processed.[9] In some places the selected rocks are sold to the local mining company,[10] but this model has the drawback that it could incentivize smuggling of ore from the mine to make it pass as recovered through pallaqueo.[5][11]
The term pallaqueo and palleo are derived from qu pállay.[12] Those that practice pallaqueo are variously referred to as buscones, pallacos, pallaqueros, pallaqueadores and, in Bolivia, palliris.[12] In some places like La Rinconada in Peru,[10] this activity is primarily made by women known as pallaqueras, as they are otherwise not allowed to work inside the mines.[13][12] For artisan miners known as pirquineros, pallaqueo is a secondary activity to proper mining.[14]
The work of pallaqueros and pallaqueras can be physically demanding given uncomfortable stances and – in the high Andes – also because of the cold climate.[10]
Historically, the term pallaqueros applied sometimes also to any independent miner of surface ores, similar to what is today understood as a pirquinero,[15] and they were important agents of mineral exploration.[7]
See also
- Chilean mill
- Sensor-based sorting
References
- ↑ Serrano Bravo 2004, p. 84.
- ↑ Lenz, Rodolfo (1905) (in es). Diccionario etimológico de las voces chilenas derivadas de lenguas indígenas americanas. Santiago: Impresa Cervantes. pp. 550-551.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Orozco Zevallos, Olinda (2017). Pallaqueras: Entre piedras y oro. Diagnóstico participativo en las regiones de Arequipa, Ayacucho y Puno
- ↑ Lang 1986, p. 217.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lang 1986, p. 221.
- ↑ Povea Moreno 2012, p. 112.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Povea Moreno 2012, p. 113.
- ↑ Galaz-Mandakovic, Damir (2016). "Industrialización minera, urbanización e innovación en las relaciones sociales en el sudoeste del Altiplano bolivano: El caso de la Compañía Huanchaca de Bolivia (1834-1930)" (in es). Estudios Atacameños 52. https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-10432016000100010.
- ↑ Camus, Francisco (2005). "La minería y la evolución de la exploración en Chile". in Lagos, Gustavo (in es). Minería y desarrollo. Santiago, Chile: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile. pp. 236. ISBN 956-14-0844-9.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Villantoy Gómez, Abigail (2024-05-24). "Pallaqueras: la actividad femenina poco conocida donde se trabaja seleccionando manualmente rocas con metales preciosos" (in es). Infobae. https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/05/24/pallaqueras-la-actividad-femenina-poco-conocida-donde-se-trabaja-seleccionando-manualmente-rocas-con-metales-preciosos/.
- ↑ Povea Moreno 2012, p. 126.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Povea Moreno 2012, p. 111.
- ↑ Chepe, Óscar Espinosa (2017-09-09). "La Rinconada, el 'dorado' helado" (in es). https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/09/06/planeta_futuro/1504706117_915831.html.
- ↑ Porteous, J. Douglas (1978). "Urban Symbiosis: A Study of Company Town Camp Followers in the Atacama Desert". North-South Canadian Journal of Latin American Studies 3 (5-6): 210-221.
- ↑ Godoy Orellana, Milton (2016). "Minería popular y estrategias de supervivencia: Pirquineros y pallacos en el Norte Chico, Chile, 1780-1950" (in es). Cuadernos de Historia (45): 29–62. doi:10.4067/S0719-12432016000200002. https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0719-12432016000200002.
- Bibliography
- Lang, Mervyn (1986). "El derrumbe de Huancavelica en 1786: Fracaso de una reforma borbónica" (in es). Histórica X (2): 213-226.
- Povea Moreno, Isabel María (2012). "Los busconesde metal. El sistema de pallaqueoen Huancavelica (1793-1820)" (in es). Anuario de Estudios Americanos 69 (1): 109-138. doi:10.3989/aeamer.2012.1.04. https://estudiosamericanos.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosamericanos/article/view/564/567.
- Serrano Bravo, Carlos (2004) (in es). Historia de la minería andina boliviana (siglos XVI–XX). Potosí, Bolivia. https://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con4_uibd.nsf/6EF6AA797C1749E905257EFF005C493F/$FILE/Historia_de_Miner%C3%ADa_Andina_Boliviana.pdf.
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