Chemistry:Xylooligosaccharide
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Short description: Polymer of the sugar xylose
File:XO structure.tif Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are polymers of the sugar xylose.[1] They are produced from the xylan fraction in plant fiber. Their C5 (where C is a quantity of carbon atoms in each monomer) structure is fundamentally different from other prebiotics, which are based upon C6 sugars. Xylooligosaccharides have been commercially available since the 1980s, originally produced by Suntory in Japan. They have more recently become more widely available commercially, as technologies have advanced and production costs have fallen. Some enzymes from yeast can exclusively convert xylan into only xylooligosaccharides-DP-3 to 7.[2]
Xylooligosaccharides act as a prebiotic,[3][4] selectively feeding beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli within the digestive tract. A large number of clinical trials have been conducted with XOS, demonstrating a variety of health benefits, including improvements in blood sugars and lipids, digestive health benefits, laxation, and beneficial changes to immune markers.[5] These health benefits have typically been observed at 1–4 g/d,[clarification needed] a lower dose than required for prebiotics such as fructooligosaccharides and inulin.[citation needed]
See also
- Chemistry:Fructooligosaccharide – Oligosaccharide fructans (FOS)
- Chemistry:Galactooligosaccharide – Class of prebiotics (GOS)
- Chemistry:Isomaltooligosaccharide – Mixture of short-chain carbohydrates (IMO)
References
- ↑ Vázquez, M. J.; Alonso, J. L.; Domínguez, H.; Parajó, J. C. (2000). "Xylooligosaccharides: Manufacture and applications". Trends in Food Science & Technology 11 (11): 387. doi:10.1016/S0924-2244(01)00031-0.
- ↑ Adsul, Mukund (2009). "Biochemical characterization of two xylanases from yeast Pseudozyma hubeiensis producing only xylooligosaccharides". Bioresource Technology 100 (24): 6488–95. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.064. PMID 19692229.
- ↑ Ma, Rui (2017). "Utility of Thermostable Xylanases of Mycothermus thermophilus in Generating Prebiotic Xylooligosaccharides". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65 (6): 1139–1145. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05183. PMID 28067041.
- ↑ Linares-Pastén, J. A.; Aronsson, A.; Nordberg Karlsson, E. (2017). "Structural Considerations on the Use of Endo-Xylanases for the Production of prebiotic Xylooligosaccharides from Biomass". Current Protein & Peptide Science 18 (999): 48–67. doi:10.2174/1389203717666160923155209. ISSN 1875-5550. PMID 27670134.
- ↑ nutraingredients-usa.com. "Research shows XOS is preferred prebiotic due to small dosage requirement; ideal for functional food and beverage applications" (in en-GB). https://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/News/Promotional-Features/Research-shows-XOS-is-preferred-prebiotic.
- Chung, Y-C; Hsu, C-K; Ko, C-Y; Chan, Y-C (2007). "Dietary intake of xylooligosaccharides improves the intestinal microbiota, fecal moisture, and pH value in the elderly". Nutr Res 27 (12): 756–61. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2007.09.014.
- Childs, CEExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2014). ""Xylo-oligosaccharides alone or in synbiotic combination with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis induce bifidogenesis and modulate markers of immune function in healthy adults " a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, factorial cross-over study". Br J Nutr 111 (11): 1945–56. doi:10.1017/S0007114513004261. PMID 24661576.
- Cloetens, LExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2010). ""Tolerance of arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides and their prebiotic activity in healthy subjects " a randomised, placebo-controlled cross-over study". Br J Nutr 103 (5): 703–13. doi:10.1017/S0007114509992248. PMID 20003568.
- Finegold, SMExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2014). "Xylooligosaccharide increases bifidobacteria but not lactobacilli in human gut microbiota". Food Funct 5 (3): 436–45. doi:10.1039/c3fo60348b. PMID 24513849.
- Francois, IEJAExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2012). ""Effects of a wheat bran extract containing arabinoxylan oligosaccharides on gastrointestinal health parameters in healthy adult human volunteers " a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial". Br J Nutr 108 (12): 2229–42. doi:10.1017/S0007114512000372. PMID 22370444.
- Iino, TExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (1997). "Improvement of Constipation by a Small Amount of Xylooligosaccharides Ingestion in Adult Women". J Japanese Assoc Diet Fiber Res 1: 19–24. doi:10.11217/jjdf1997.1.19.
- Kajihara, M; Kato, S; Konishi, M; Yamagishi, Y; Horie, Y; Ishii, H (2000). "Xylooligosaccharide decreases blood ammonia levels in patients with liver cirrhosis". Am J Gastroenterol 95 (9): 2514. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02712.x. https://journals.lww.com/ajg/Citation/2000/09000/Xylooligosaccharide_decreases_blood_ammonia_levels.410.aspx.
- Lecerf, J-MExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2012). "Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) in combination with inulin modulates both the intestinal environment and immune status in healthy subjects, while XOS alone only shows prebiotic properties". Br J Nutr 108 (10): 1847–58. doi:10.1017/S0007114511007252. PMID 22264499.
- Lin, S-H; Chou, L-M; Chien, Y-W; Chang, J-S; Lin, C-I (2016). "Prebiotic Effects of Xylooligosaccharides on the Improvement of Microbiota Balance in Human Subjects". Gastroenterol Res Pract 6: 1–6. doi:10.1155/2016/5789232. PMID 27651791.
- Maki, KCExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2012). "Digestive and physiologic effects of a wheat bran extract, arabino-xylan-oligosaccharide, in breakfast cereal". Nutrition 28 (11–12): 1115–21. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2012.02.010. PMID 22771050.
- Na, MH; Kim, WK (2007). "Effects of xylooligosaccharide intake on fecal Bifidobacteria, lactic acid and lipid metabolism in Korean young women". Kor J Nutr 40: 154–61. doi:10.1097/01.NPT.0000288316.43613.63.
- Sheu, WH-H; Lee, I-T; Chen, W; Chan, Y-C (2008). "Effects of xylooligosaccharides in type 2 diabetes mellitus". J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 54 (5): 396–401. doi:10.3177/jnsv.54.396. PMID 19001772.
- Tateyama, IExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2005). "Effect of xylooligosaccharide intake on severe constipation in pregnant women". J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 51 (6): 445–8. doi:10.3177/jnsv.51.445. PMID 16521705.
- Yang, JExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2015). ""Xylooligosaccharide supplementation alters gut bacteria in both healthy and prediabetic adults " a pilot study". Front Physiol 6: 216. doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00216. PMID 26300782.
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