Chemogram
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A chemogram (from "chemistry", "optic" and gramma, Greek for "things written")[1] is an experimental art where a photographic image is partly or fully enlarged and processed onto photographic paper in the darkroom and afterwards selectively painted over in full light with chemicals used in photographic processing. Due to the production process chemograms can be considered works of abstract photography.
Chemograms were invented in 1974 by the German photo artist Josef H. Neumann.
History
Chemograms are a further development of a Chemigram originally presented in 1956 by the Belgian artist Pierre Cordier.[2] Probably under the influence of the Dresden painter Edmund Kesting, who had been experimenting with photo chemicals on black and white photo paper six years earlier, in 1950, and who presented his resulting works under the heading of "chemical painting".[3] Although Johann Schulze, Hippolyte Bayard, Maurice Tabard and Edmund Kesting had experimented in obtaining chemigram-like images before, Pierre Cordier is considered the pioneer of the chemigram and of its development as a means of artistic expression. The term "chemogram" (German: "Chemogramm") was coined in 1974 by the photo designer Josef H. Neumann from Dortmund. He had learned the technique of creating chemigrams from his Professor Pan Walther,[4] who had adopted it from Edmund Kesting – both coming from Dresden.
Neumann worked not only with a brush or cotton ball on black and white photo paper, but also exposed photo during the process. So this chemogram Neumann seventies of the 20th century differs beginning of the previously created decades cameraless Photogram. These artworks were almost simultaneously with the invention of photography of various important artists as distinctive in its initial phase Hippolyte Bayard, Thomas Wedgwood, William Henry Fox Talbot and later inziniert in the twenties Man Ray and László Moholy-Nagy and in the 30s by the painter Edmund Kesting and Christian Schad, by draped objects directly on suitably sensitized photographic paper and using a light source without use camera pictured.[5] As the optic during the production process played a decisive role for him, he changed the term "chemigram" by replacing the letter „i“ with „o“.[6]
This way the first pieces of this technique were created at the Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts from 1974 to 1976.[7] The first chemograms were exhibited in 1976 at the "Fotografik Studio Gallerie Prof. Pan Walther" in Münster.[4]
Process
A chemogram is a product of both photographic processing and painting on photographic paper. Unlike chemigrams the production process of chemograms consists of two different steps. First an enlarger is used to partly or fully process a photographic image onto photographic paper in the darkness of the darkroom. As soon as the preferred development of the image is reached, the photographic process is interrupted and the photographic paper is exposed to full light and treated with developer and fixer (or other chemicals) like a chemigram. The procedure can be repeated until the chemogram is finished.[8]
[9] During the first part of the production the artist Josef H. Neumann had full control over the selection of the picture and the duration of the photographic processing, while in the second part the control remains only at the places where the colorless chemicals are applied. The exact reactions of the chemicals that produce the final colors at these locations are largely unpredictable. Thus, these first chemograms by Josef H. Neumann (1974-1978) originated as absolute pieces that can not be reproduced in the original creative process.(Unique). In 1974, within Josef H. Neumann's chemogram, the interface between the artistic media of painting and photography that existed up to that point was closed for the first time in an art-historically relevant manner. In September 2018, the Museo de Arte Moderno in Bucaramanga, Colombia, published further chemograms by the photo artist Josef H. Neumann, which he called “digital chemograms” under the influence of the now digital techniques and use of a “digital brush” on the computer.
Notes
- ↑ "-gram". The New Oxford American Dictionary (2nd ed.).
- ↑ Antonio Luis Ramos Molina. "La magia de la química fotográfica: El quimigrama. Conceptos, técnicas y procedimientos del quimigrama en la expresión artística" Tesis Doctoral, S. 293-297, Universidad de Granada 2018.
- ↑ Edmund Kesting exhibition catalog Albertinum, Staatl.Kunstsammlung Dresden Kupferstich-Kabinett 1988/89
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hannes Schmidt: Bemerkungen zu den Chemogrammen von Josef Neumann. Ausstellung in der Fotografik Studio Galerie von Prof. Pan Walther. in: Photo-Presse. Heft 22, 1976, p. 6.
- ↑ Gabriele Richter: Joseph H. Neumann. Chemogramme. in: Color Foto. Heft 12, 1976, p. 24.
- ↑ Harald Mante, Josef H. Neumann: Filme kreativ nutzen. Photographie Verlag, Schaffhausen 1987, pp. 94-95.
- ↑ "Thema 3 - Die Hochglanzwelt des Josef H. Neumann in Stadtjournal by WDR" (in German). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_rONcyIgsI.
- ↑ Harald Mante, Josef H. Neumann: Filme kreativ nutzen. Photographie Verlag, Schaffhausen 1987, pp. 94-95.
- ↑ Exhibition Museo de Arte Moderno de Bucaramanga Colombia 6.9.2018 - 31.10.2018
References
- (in German) Richter, Gabriele (1976). "Joseph H. Neumann. Chemogramme". Color Foto (München, Germany) 12: 24.
- (in German) Schmidt, Hannes (1976). "Bemerkungen zu den Chemogrammen von Josef Neumann. Ausstellung in der Fotografik Studio Galerie von Prof. Pan Walther". Photo-Presse (Hamburg, Germany) 22: 6.
- (in German) Mante, Harald; Neumann, Josef H. (1987). Filme kreativ nutzen. Schaffhausen 1987: Photographie. pp. 94–95. ISBN 3-7231-7600-3.
- (in Spanish) Ramos Molina, Antonio Luis (2018), La magia de la química fotográfica: El quimigrama. Conceptos, técnicas y procedimientos del quimigrama en la expresión artística., Granada 2018: Universidad Granada, pp. 293–297
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