ClearTalk

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Short description: Controlled natural language

ClearTalk is a controlled natural language—a kind of a formal language for expressing information that is designed to be both human-readable (being based on English) and easily processed by a computer.

Anyone who can read English can immediately read ClearTalk, and the people who write ClearTalk learn to write it while using it. The ClearTalk system itself does most of the training through use: the restrictions are shown by menus and templates and are enforced by immediate syntactic checks. By consistently using ClearTalk for its output, a system reinforces the acceptable syntactic forms.[1]

It is used by CODE4,[2] the experimental knowledge management software Ikarus, and by a knowledge base management system Fact Guru.[3]

ClearTalk is easily readable by most people who can read English,[2] and requires very little training to write.[4] Databases of information have been written using ClearTalk by a 9-year old human.[5]

More than 25,000 facts have been encoded in ClearTalk.[6]

ClearTalk allows varying degrees of formality or specificity, allowing the author to choose to leave or remove ambiguity.[7][8][9]

ClearTalk was created in 1988[10] and fell out of use about 2006.[11][12] It is the oldest controlled natural language with a formal representation.[12]

Citations

  1. ↑ Sowa 2004.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lethbridge 1994.
  3. ↑ "Fact Guru". http://www.site.uottawa.ca/~tcl/factguru1/. 
  4. ↑ Abdelaal & Davis 2017, p. 3.
  5. ↑ Sowa 2011.
  6. ↑ Kuhn 2014.
  7. ↑ Kuhn 2013, p. 91.
  8. ↑ Kuhn 2014, p. 150.
  9. ↑ Ghali 1993, p. 74.
  10. ↑ Skuce 1988.
  11. ↑ Kuhn 2013, p. 149.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kuhn 2014, p. 144.

References

  • Abdelaal, Hazem Safwat; Davis, Brian (2017). "CNLs for the semantic web: a state of the art". Language Resources and Evaluation 51 (1): 191–220. doi:10.1007/s10579-016-9351-x. ISSN 1574-020X. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hazem-Safwat/publication/299576760_CNLs_for_the_semantic_web_a_state_of_the_art/links/59e20b8f0f7e9b97fbe75928/CNLs-for-the-semantic-web-a-state-of-the-art.pdf. Retrieved 17 January 2024. 
  • Ghali, Nagi (1993). Managing software development knowledge: A conceptually-oriented software engineering environment (COSEE) (Master of Science in Computer Science thesis). University Of Ottawa. doi:10.20381/RUOR-11335. hdl:10393/6565. ISBN 978-0-315-89627-7.
  • Kuhn, Tobias (8 June 2013). "Controlled Natural Language and Opportunities for Standardization". LaRC 2013, Pretoria (South Africa). https://www.tkuhn.org/talk/larc2013cnl.pdf. Retrieved 17 January 2024. 
  • Kuhn, Tobias (2014). "A Survey and Classification of Controlled Natural Languages". Computational Linguistics 40 (1): 121–170. doi:10.1162/COLI_a_00168. ISSN 0891-2017. 
  • Lethbridge, Timothy Christian (November 1994). Practical Techniques for Organizing and Measuring Knowledge (PhD thesis). Ontario, Canada: University of Ottawa. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
  • Skuce, Douglas Richard (1988). "An English-like Syntax and a Smalltalk Tool for Conceptual Graphs". Workshop on Conceptual Graphs. Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. pp. 3.1.5.1-3.1.5.10. 
  • Sowa, John F. (2004). "Graphics and Languages for the Flexible Modular Framework". in Wolff, Karl Erich. Conceptual Structures at Work. Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-27769-9_3. ISBN 978-3-540-27769-9. http://www.jfsowa.com/pubs/gal4fmf.htm. Retrieved 17 January 2024. 
  • Sowa, John F. (28 January 2011). "Fact Guru". http://ontolog.cim3.net/forum/oor-forum/2011-01/msg00013.html. 

Further reading




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