Company:Chubb Limited

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Short description: Insurance company
Chubb Limited
TypePublic company
ISIN[https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Toollabs:isin/&language=en&isin=CH0044328745 CH0044328745]
IndustryInsurance and reinsurance
Founded1985; 39 years ago (1985) in Hamilton, Bermuda
FounderThomas Caldecot Chubb
Headquarters
Zürich
,
Switzerland
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Products
  • Property and Casualty and Health
  • Life insurance
  • Reinsurance
RevenueIncrease US$40.96 billion (2021)
Increase US$9.82 billion (2021)
Increase US$8.54 billion (2021)
Total assetsIncrease US$200.05 billion (2021)
Total equityIncrease US$59.71 billion (2021)
Number of employees
c. 31,000 (December 2021)
Websitewww.chubb.com
Footnotes / references
[1]

Chubb Limited is an American[2] company incorporated in Zürich, Switzerland. It is the parent company of Chubb, a global provider of insurance products covering property and casualty, accident and health, reinsurance, and life insurance and the largest publicly traded property and casualty company in the world.[3] Chubb operates in 55 countries and territories and in the Lloyd's insurance market in London. Clients of Chubb consist of multinational corporations and local businesses, individuals, and insurers seeking reinsurance coverage. Chubb provides commercial and personal property and casualty insurance, personal accident and supplemental health insurance, reinsurance and life insurance.

In 2018, the group had $174 billion in assets, $30.8 billion of gross written premiums and approximately 31,000 employees.[4] Chubb trades on the NYSE and is a component of the S&P 500 index. Its core operating insurance companies are rated "AA" (Very Strong) for financial strength by Standard & Poor's[5][6] and "A++" (Superior) by A. M. Best[7][8] with stable outlooks from both agencies. Fitch rates Chubb Limited and its subsidiaries "AA" (Very Strong) for financial strength, "AA−" for issuer default and "A+" for senior debt.[9] Moody's rates the U.S. companies "A1" and the unsecured loan notes "A3".[10]

On 1 July 2015, property & casualty insurer Ace Limited (ACE) announced that it would acquire the original Chubb Corporation for $28.3 billion in cash and stock.[11] ACE stated that Chubb's current headquarters in Warren, New Jersey, will have a substantial portion of the headquarters function for the combined company's North American Division. The combined company adopted the Chubb name in January 2016 after the acquisition was completed.[12]

Business structure

Chubb provides insurance and reinsurance products and services through several operating units.[13]

North American

ACE USA provides commercial property insurance and casualty (P&C), risk management and accident and health (A&H) coverages through retail brokers. ACE Agriculture offers crop, farm and agribusiness P&C coverages through agents and brokers. ACE Westchester offers commercial P&C excess and surplus lines through wholesale brokers.

ACE Bermuda provides liability, property, political risk coverages and captive programs through large international brokers.

ACE Private Risk Services offers high-value personal lines coverages through independent agents and brokers. ACE Commercial Risk Services provides specialty small business coverage through agents and brokers.

Elsewhere

ACE International provides commercial P&C, A&H, and traditional and specialty personal lines through retail brokers, agents and other channels in 51 countries outside North America. ACE Global Markets offers commercial P&C excess and surplus lines and A&H sold by wholesale brokers and through Lloyd's. In North America, Combined Insurance, acquired by ACE in 2008, provides personal accident and supplemental health insurance through captive agents.[14]

Reinsurance

ACE Tempest Re, based in Stamford, Connecticut, offers P&C and life reinsurance sold worldwide by reinsurance brokers.[15]

Life

ACE Life provides protection and savings products through agents, bancassurance and other channels in Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. Combined Insurance offers personal accident and supplemental health coverage sold by captive agents in North America.

History

Chubb

In 1882, Thomas Caldecot Chubb and his son Percy started a marine underwriting business in New York City. They collected $1,000 from 100 prominent merchants and focused on insuring ships and cargoes.[16]

The Chubb Corporation was incorporated in 1967 and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1984.[16]

Beginning in 1970, the corporation owned The Chubb Institute, a chain of commercial technical schools which grew out of the company's employee training program, but the schools were sold for $1 to a partnership of private equity firms Great Hill Partners and the High-Tech Institute in 2004.

In 2007, Chubb was named the Readers' Choice winner as "Best Admitted Property/Casualty Insurance Company" by Business Insurance.[17] In 2010 Chubb was number five on Chicago Business "Best Places to Work" list.[18]

ACE Limited

1985–1999

ACE (American Casualty Excess) Limited was established in 1985 in response to the U.S. liability insurance crisis of the mid-1980s. It was formed with the assistance of insurance broker Marsh & McLennan[19] and funded by a group of 34 U.S. companies seeking difficult-to-obtain Excess Liability and Directors and Officers (D&O) insurance coverage.[20] That year, ACE and its Bermuda subsidiary, incorporated in the Cayman Islands and headquartered in Hamilton, Bermuda, wrote its first insurance policy with John Cox as its president and CEO. In 1987 the company assumed management of Corporate Officers & Directors Assurance Limited (CODA), expanding ACE Bermuda's product line.[20]

Walter Scott became Chairman, President, and CEO of ACE in 1990 and saw the company listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1993. Brian Duperreault succeeded Scott in 1994 as Chairman, President & CEO and worked for the next ten years as ACE went through a series of acquisitions and a diversification process that brought the ACE Group of Companies global status.[21] One of the multiple acquisitions made during this time was the global property and casualty business of Cigna Corporation (most significantly the Insurance Company of North America, known as INA), which was purchased for $3.45 billion in 1999.[22]

2000–2021

In 2004, Evan G. Greenberg became president and CEO of ACE Ltd.[23] In 2004 ACE was also investigated by NY Attorney General Eliot Spitzer for participating in a bid rigging and price fixing scheme with insurance broker Marsh & McLennan.[24][25]

In 2008, ACE purchased the accident and health insurance provider Combined Insurance Company of America (founded by W. Clement Stone in 1919) from Aon Corporation for $2.56 billion[26] and the high-net-worth personal lines business of the Atlantic Companies.[27]

Also in 2008, ACE relocated from the Cayman Islands to Zurich, Switzerland. Evan Greenberg described the move as a "natural progression" that would provide ACE with a "better strategic flexibility…and a solid legal and regulatory environment…"[28] The re-domestication was completed in July that year.[29]

In 2010, the ACE company ESIS Inc. was hired by BP to process claims made by the victims of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.[30][31]

In 2010, ACE Limited purchased Rain and Hail, LLC for $1.1 billion. Rain and Hail Insurance Service, headquartered in Johnston, Iowa, is an industry leader in crop insurance in the United States.[32][33][34] ACE Limited also acquired the Hong Kong and Korea life insurance operations of New York Life.[35]

In 2011, ACE Limited purchased agribusiness insurer Penn Millers. [36]

In 2012, they purchased Indonesian insurer Asuransi Jaya Proteksi. [37]

In 2013, they purchased Mexican Surety Lines Company Fianzas Monterrey and Mexican Personal Lines Insurer ABA Seguros. [38][39]

In April 2014, ACE Limited acquired a majority stake in Siam Commercial Samaggi Insurance PCL from Siam Commercial Bank. Following a subsequent tender offer in June 2014, ACE and its local partner owned 93.03% of the Samaggi.[40]

In October 2014, ACE Limited acquired the large commercial property and casualty business of Itaú Unibanco Holding SA. The transaction made ACE the largest property and casualty insurer in Brazil. [41]

In April 2015, ACE Limited acquired the Fireman's Fund high net worth personal lines insurance business in the U.S. from Allianz for $365 million. ACE Private Risk Services is one of the largest high net worth insurers in the U.S.[42]

On 1 September 2020, Chubb has announced the introduction of the latest update of Enterprise Guard Plus product for the emerging needs of Hong Kong plan business insurance.[43]

In February 2021, Chubb Limited and the World Health Organisation announced the roll out of a no-fault compensation scheme for COVID-19 vaccinations for low and middle-income countries.[44]

ACE acquires Chubb

On 1 July 2015, ACE announced that it would acquire Chubb Corporation for $28.3 billion in cash and ACE stock.[11] Upon completion, ACE shareholders held 70% while Chubb shareholders got 30% of the new combined company. The new company was to be based in Zurich, where ACE Limited's headquarters were. Evan Greenberg of ACE became the Chairman and CEO of the new company, while Chubb Chairman and CEO John Finnegan became Executive Vice Chairman for North America External Affairs. The company's board was expanded to 18, with 4 of them coming from Chubb. The new combined company then decided to adopt the Chubb name. The deal received ACE and Chubb shareholder approval and all required regulatory approval, and closed on 14 January 2016.[45][46]

Accordingly, in Vietnam, ACE Life will change its name to Chubb Life Vietnam Company Limited (Chubb Life Vietnam). This name change will not cause any changes in the company's business strategy as well as the operation process of the company in the Vietnamese market.

All insurance benefits of customers under the insurance contracts signed with ACE Life are still guaranteed by Chubb Life to comply with the rules and terms in the contract.

Controversies

2004 Eliot Spitzer investigation

In 2004 New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer conducted an investigation in the insurance industry. ACE, American International Group (AIG), Marsh & McLennan, and other large insurers and brokerages were named in Spitzer's investigation for possibly participating in questionable insurance practices including the payment of contingent commissions, bid-rigging, price-fixing, and improper accounting.[47] [48]

Spitzer asserted that contingent commissions contributed to a widespread practice of "bid-rigging" where brokers solicited fake bids with deliberately less favorable terms for the consumer than the bid offered by the insurance company paying the highest commissions.[49][50]

As part of an $80 million settlement that abated further inquiry, ACE signed an Assurance of Discontinuance in which they acknowledged their prior conduct and agreed to alter their business practices. Evan Greenberg himself admitted no fault in Spitzer's allegations although a junior executive did plead guilty to criminal charges.[51][52]

Spitzer's insurance industry probe additionally looked in early 2005 into ACE Ltd's subsidiary ACE Tempest Re's reporting to the SEC of a series of reinsurance transactions, together with the SEC reporting of a further 16 unaffiliated re-insurers. Evan Greenberg said that his company's investigation should be completed within a month. According to Greenberg, contracts appeared "generally structured in a way to provide for appropriate risk transfer and accounted for properly."[53]

The Spitzer investigations also triggered civil litigation by policyholders who claim they were victimized by the bid rigging and commission schemes.[54]

Iran Held Liable for 9/11

Main page: Religion:September 11 attacks

On 9 March 2016, U.S. District Judge George B. Daniels issued a default judgement against Iran, ordering it to pay $7.5 billion in damages to families of victims who died in the attacks in the US, as well as $3 billion to Chubb Limited & other unnamed insurers that paid out claims resulting from the event. The plaintiffs in the case argued that Iran "provided material support" and training to al-Qaeda members, including 9/11 hijackers, through Hezbollah prior to the attacks and was therefore liable.[55][unreliable source?]

Chubb Group Classic

The Chubb Classic is a Champions Tour golf tournament located at The Tiburon Golf Club in Naples, Florida. The Chubb Classic has raised more than $3 million for charity.

References

  1. ↑ "Chubb Limited 2021 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 24 February 2022. https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/896159/000089615922000005/cb-20211231.htm. 
  2. ↑ "Wall Street is Running Out of Ways to Make Easy Money off Corporate Tax Loopholes". https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2015/07/01/wall-street-easy-money-corporate-tax-loopholesinversion-arbitrage/?sh=15510fa55130. 
  3. ↑ "Chubb in Bermuda". https://www.chubb.com/bm-en/#. 
  4. ↑ Chubb Limited Company Profile. Second Quarter 2019 q4cdn.com
  5. ↑ "Standard & Poor's Raises ACE's Financial Strength Ratings on Core Operating Subsidiaries to "AA"". Yahoo Finance. 19 May 2014. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/standard-poor-raises-ace-financial-200500429.html. 
  6. ↑ "What's Behind Our Ratings On The Top 15 Global Multiline Insurers Following The Application Of Our New Criteria". globalcreditportal.com. 4 June 2013. https://www.globalcreditportal.com/ratingsdirect/renderArticle.do?articleId=1140855&SctArtId=159925&from=CM&nsl_code=LIME. 
  7. ↑ "A.M. Best Upgrades Ratings for Most Subsidiaries of ACE Limited". Reuters. 11 April 2014. https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/04/11/nj-am-best-idUSnBw115555a+100+BSW20140411. 
  8. ↑ "AM Best Revises Outlook to Positive for ACE Limited and Most of Its Subsidiaries". ambest.com. 14 June 2013. http://www3.ambest.com/frames/frameserver.asp?site=press&tab=1&altsrc=14&altnum=&refnum=65494657775746496657. 
  9. ↑ "Fitch Upgrades ACE Limited's IFS Ratings to 'AA'; Sr. Debt to 'A+'". Fitch Ratings. 14 May 2013. http://www.fitchratings.com/creditdesk/press_releases/detail.cfm?pr_id=791082. 
  10. ↑ "Moody's rates ACE Limited shelf; ACE INA Holdings' provisional senior debt at (P)A3; outlook stable". 2013-03-05. http://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-rates-ACE-Limited-shelf-ACE-INA-Holdings-provisional-senior--PR_267649. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "ACE agrees to Chubb for $28.3 billion". Marketwatch. July 1, 2015. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/ace-agrees-to-acquire-chubb-in-283-bln-cash-and-stock-deal-2015-07-01-7911153. 
  12. ↑ "ACE and Chubb Are Now One; New Chubb Brand Logo Unveiled" (in en-US). Insurance Journal. 2016-01-15. https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2016/01/15/395209.htm. 
  13. ↑ "Business Structure". acegroup.com. 1 August 2013. http://www.acegroup.com/About-ACE/Business-Structure.html. 
  14. ↑ "ACE Completes Acquisition of Combined Insurance Company of America". Reuters. 1 April 2008. https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/01/idUS18652+02-Apr-2008+BW20080401. 
  15. ↑ "About Chubb Tempest Re USA". https://www.chubb.com/bm-en/business-insurance-by-type/about-chubb-tempest-re-usa.html. Retrieved 23 July 2023. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Our History". https://www2.chubb.com/us-en/about-chubb/our-history.aspx. 
  17. ↑ "2007 Readers Choice Awards: Best Admitted P/C Insurance Company | Business Insurance News, Analysis & Articles". http://www.businessinsurance.com/cgi-bin/page.pl?pageId=675. Retrieved 23 July 2023. 
  18. ↑ "Best Places to Work No. 5: Chubb Corp.". http://www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/mag/article.pl?articleId=33201. Retrieved 23 July 2023. 
  19. ↑ Wilkinson, Claire; Hartwig, Robert P. (2007). "An Overview of the Alternative Risk Transfer Market". in Venard, Bertrand; Cummins, J. David. Handbook of International Insurance: Between Global Dynamics and Local Contingencies. Boston: Springer. pp. 925–952. ISBN 978-0-387-34162-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=VjHbtzEKBtIC&pg=PA948. Retrieved 10 September 2020. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "ACE Company Site History Page". aceeuropeangroup.com. http://www.aceeuropeangroup.com/AceLimitedRoot/About+ACE/ACE+History/. 
  21. ↑ "Brian Duperreault's Executive Team Page". acebermuda.com. http://www.acebermuda.com/AceLimitedWeb/Template/About%20ACE/ExecutiveTeamTemplate.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2FRecycleBin%2FBrian%2BDuperreault.htm&NRNODEGUID=%7BE7CFE322-D1D7-41AA-8023-1951CD21B7EE%7D&NRCACHEHINT=Guest. 
  22. ↑ "ACE Completes Acquisition of CIGNA's P&C Businesses; ACE Announces Expense Savings Targets; ACE Outsources Information Technology Operations to IBM". acelimited.com. http://www.acelimited.com/AceLimitedRoot/Media+Center/Press+Releases/1999/ACE+Completes+Acquisition+of+CIGNA_s+P_C+Businesses_+ACE+Announces+Expense+Savings+Targets_+ACE++614.htm. 
  23. ↑ Treaster, Joseph B. (12 Mar 2004). "A Greenberg, 3rd in Family, To Be Chief Of an Insurer". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/12/business/a-greenberg-3rd-in-family-to-be-chief-of-an-insurer.html?ref=evan_g_greenberg. 
  24. ↑ "ACE SETTLES BID-RIGGING PROBE: Agreement is Part of Ongoing Effort to Restore Competition in Insurance Industry". www.ag.ny.gov. 29 Apr 2006. http://www.ag.ny.gov/media_center/2006/apr/apr26a_06.html. 
  25. ↑ "Marsh Settles Spitzer Bid-Rigging Accusations for $850 Million". Bloomberg. 21 Jan 2005. https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aOn.OJnXVJFE. 
  26. ↑ "ACE Completes Acquisition of Combined Insurance Company of America". http://www.acelimited.com/AceLimitedRoot/Media+Center/Press+Releases/2008/ACE+Completes+Acquisition+of+Combined+Insurance+Company+of+America.htm. 
  27. ↑ "ACE Agree to Acquire Personal Lines Business of the Atlantic Companies". http://news.acegroup.com/press-release/ace-agrees-acquire-personal-lines-business-atlantic-companies. 
  28. ↑ "ACE Limited Announces Proposed Re-Domestication of Holding Company from Cayman Islands to Switzerland". Bnet. 19 Mar 2008. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2008_March_19/ai_n24940996/?tag=content;col1. 
  29. ↑ "ACE Limited Announces Completion of Re-Domestication of Holding Company from Cayman Islands to Switzerland". http://www.acelimited.com/AceLimitedRoot/Media+Center/Press+Releases/2008/ACE+Limited+Announces+Completion+of+ReDomestication+of+Holding+Company+from+Cayman+Islands+to+Switze.htm. 
  30. ↑ "BP hires company to handle oil spill claims whose goal is "reducing payouts" for clients". southernstudies.org. 10 Jun 2010. http://www.southernstudies.org/2010/06/company-hired-by-bp-to-handle-oil-spill-claims-has-goal-of-reducing-payouts.htm. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  31. ↑ "ESIS Deepwater Horizon Incident Response". http://www2.esis.com/ESISRoot/ESIS/. 
  32. ↑ "ACE to acquire Rain and Hail Insurance Service, Inc. in $1.1 billion transaction". https://www.rainhail.com/pdf_files/announcements/ACE_to_Acquire_Rain_and_Hail.pdf. 
  33. ↑ "ACE Limited acquires Rain and Hail Insurance Service". 2010-09-14. http://www.canadianunderwriter.ca/issues/story.aspx?aid=1000385242. 
  34. ↑ "ACE Wraps Up Rain and Hail Buy". 2010-12-29. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ACE-Wraps-Up-Rain-and-Hail-zacks-3259145490.html?x=0&.v=1. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  35. ↑ "ACE to Acquire New York Life's Operations in Hong Kong and Korea". Insurance Journal. 27 October 2010. http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2010/10/27/114391.htm. 
  36. ↑ "ACE to Acquire Penn Millers". 8 September 2011. https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2011/09/08/213994.htm. Retrieved 23 July 2023. 
  37. ↑ "ACE Acquires 80% of Asuransi Jaya Proteksi in Indonesia". http://news.acegroup.com/press-release/asia-pacific/ace-acquires-80-asuransi-jaya-proteksi-indonesia. 
  38. ↑ "ACE Completes Acquisition of Mexican Surety Lines Company Fianzas Monterrey". Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20140116105053/http://news.acegroup.com/press-release/corporateglobal/ace-completes-acquisition-mexican-surety-lines-company-fianzas-monterr. 
  39. ↑ "ACE Acquires Personal Lines Insurer ABA Seguros in Mexico". Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20140401175712/http://news.acegroup.com/press-release/corporateglobal/ace-acquires-personal-lines-insurer-aba-seguros-mexico. 
  40. ↑ "ACE Announces the Results of Its Tender Offer for Siam Commercial Samaggi Insurance in Thailand". Yahoo Finance. 24 June 2014. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ace-announces-results-tender-offer-112300693.html. 
  41. ↑ Marcelino, Francisco (4 July 2014). "Ace to Buy Itau's High-Risk Insurance Unit for $684 Million". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-07-04/ace-to-buy-itau-s-high-risk-insurance-unit-for-684-million.html. 
  42. ↑ "Ace closes $365m deal to buy US insurer". The Royal Gazette. April 5, 2015. http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20150406/BUSINESS04/150409876. 
  43. ↑ "Chubb launches enhanced business package insurance for SMEs in Hong Kong SAR". 9 September 2020. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3999228. 
  44. ↑ "World's first COVID-19 vaccination compensation scheme launched". Health Europa. 23 February 2021. https://www.healtheuropa.eu/worlds-first-covid-19-vaccination-compensation-scheme-launched/106056/. Retrieved 24 February 2021. 
  45. ↑ "ACE Receives All Regulatory Approvals Needed to Close Acquisition of Chubb". PRNewswire. January 13, 2016. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ace-receives-all-regulatory-approvals-needed-to-close-acquisition-of-chubb-300203831.html. 
  46. ↑ "ACE to acquire Chubb for $28.3 billion in cash and stock". BusinessWire. July 1, 2015. http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150701005530/en/ACE-Acquire-Chubb-28.3-Billion-Cash-Stock#.VZPOWuMayc1. 
  47. ↑ "Spitzer Sues Marsh & McLennan". badfaithinsurance.org. 10 Oct 2004. http://www.badfaithinsurance.org/reference/General/0014a.htm. 
  48. ↑ "N.Y. Attorney General Spitzer Targets Insurance Broker Compensation Agreements". insurancejournal.com. 23 Apr 2004. http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2004/04/23/41434.htm. 
  49. ↑ "N.Y. Attorney General Spitzer Sues Marsh Over Contingent Commissions". insurancejournal.com. 25 Oct 2004. http://www.insurancejournal.com/magazines/west/2004/10/25/features/48447.htm#ixzz0vBmtPije. 
  50. ↑ "Spitzer Says Insurance Broker Fees Fueled 'Improper Practices'". Business Week. 17 Feb 2010. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-02-17/spitzer-says-insurance-broker-fees-fueled-improper-practices-.html. [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  51. ↑ Valdmanis, Thor (4 Nov 2004). "Ace fires two executives, suspends three". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/insurance/2004-11-04-insurance-probe_x.htm?loc=interstitialskip. 
  52. ↑ "Chief of Ace Unit Resigns". New York Times. 10 Jun 2006. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/06/business/06ace.html?_r=1&ref=evan_g_greenberg. 
  53. ↑ "Finite Reinsurance Probes Appear Infinite". insurancejournal.com. 9 May 2009. http://www.insurancejournal.com/magazines/east/2005/05/09/features/55086.htm. 
  54. ↑ "NEW CINGULAR WIRELESS HEADQUARTERS LLC et al v. MARSH & MCLENNAN COMPANIES INC". ACE Insurance Litigation Watch. 25 Oct 2006. http://ace-insurance-litigation.com/ace-ina-litigation/case/new-cingular-wireless-headquarters-llc-et-al-v-marsh-mclennan-companies-inc. 
  55. ↑ "Iran ordered to make multibillion dollar payout to the families of 9/11 victims". International Business Times. 11 March 2016. http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/iran-ordered-make-multibillion-dollar-payout-families-9-11-victims-1548994. 

External links



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