Dini test

In mathematics, the Dini and Dini–Lipschitz tests are highly precise tests that can be used to prove that the Fourier series of a function converges at a given point. These tests are named after Ulisse Dini and Rudolf Lipschitz.

Definition

Let f be a function on [0,2π], let t be some point and let δ be a positive number. We define the local modulus of continuity at the point t by

[math]\displaystyle{ \left.\right.\omega_f(\delta;t)=\max_{|\varepsilon| \le \delta} |f(t)-f(t+\varepsilon)| }[/math]

Notice that we consider here f to be a periodic function, e.g. if t = 0 and ε is negative then we define f(ε) = f(2π + ε).

The global modulus of continuity (or simply the modulus of continuity) is defined by

[math]\displaystyle{ \omega_f(\delta) = \max_t \omega_f(\delta;t) }[/math]

With these definitions we may state the main results:

Theorem (Dini's test): Assume a function f satisfies at a point t that

[math]\displaystyle{ \int_0^\pi \frac{1}{\delta}\omega_f(\delta;t)\,\mathrm{d}\delta \lt \infty. }[/math]

Then the Fourier series of f converges at t to f(t).

For example, the theorem holds with ω_f = log⁻²(1/δ) but does not hold with log⁻¹(1/δ).

Theorem (the Dini–Lipschitz test): Assume a function f satisfies

[math]\displaystyle{ \omega_f(\delta)=o\left(\log\frac{1}{\delta}\right)^{-1}. }[/math]

Then the Fourier series of f converges uniformly to f.

In particular, any function of a Hölder class satisfies the Dini–Lipschitz test.

Precision

Both tests are the best of their kind. For the Dini-Lipschitz test, it is possible to construct a function f with its modulus of continuity satisfying the test with O instead of o, i.e.

[math]\displaystyle{ \omega_f(\delta)=O\left(\log\frac{1}{\delta}\right)^{-1}. }[/math]

and the Fourier series of f diverges. For the Dini test, the statement of precision is slightly longer: it says that for any function Ω such that

[math]\displaystyle{ \int_0^\pi \frac{1}{\delta}\Omega(\delta)\,\mathrm{d}\delta = \infty }[/math]

there exists a function f such that

[math]\displaystyle{ \omega_f(\delta;0) \lt \Omega(\delta) }[/math]

and the Fourier series of f diverges at 0.

See also

• Convergence of Fourier series
• Dini continuity
• Dini criterion