Earth:Tiki Formation

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Tiki Formation
Stratigraphic range: Carnian-Norian
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofGondwana Group
Sub-unitsLower & Upper members
UnderliesUnconformity with the Parsora Formation
OverliesKarki Formation
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone
OtherClaystone, sandstone
Location
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 23°54′N 81°24′E / 23.9°N 81.4°E / 23.9; 81.4
Paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 42°36′S 51°06′E / 42.6°S 51.1°E / -42.6; 51.1
RegionMadhya Pradesh
CountryIndia
Type section
Named forTiki village
Tiki Formation is located in India
Tiki Formation
Tiki Formation (India)
Tiki Formation is located in Madhya Pradesh
Tiki Formation
Tiki Formation (Madhya Pradesh)

The Tiki Formation is a Late Triassic (Carnian to Norian) geologic formation in Madhya Pradesh, northern India. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.[1] Phytosaur remains attributable to the genus Volcanosuchus have also been found in the Tiki Formation.[2]

The genera Tikiodon, Tikitherium and Tikisuchus and species Rewaconodon tikiensis, Hyperodapedon tikiensis and Parvodus tikiensis have been named after the Tiki Formation.

Paleobiota

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Reptiles

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs of the Tiki Formation
Genus Species Material Notes
Herrerasauridae[3][4] indeterminate Numerous small partial and complete vertebrae and partial limb bones. An indeterminate herrerasaurid, closely related to Gnathovorax.
Sauropodomorpha[3] indeterminate Two semi articulated sarcal Vertebrae and a astragalus. An indeterminate sauropodomorph, closely related to Buriolestes and Eoraptor.
Theropoda[3] indeterminate Five teeth and phalanax. An indeterminate theropod.
Ornithischia[5][6] indeterminate Teeth. An indeterminate putative ornithischia.

Non-dinosaur Archosaurs

Non-dinosaur Archosaurs of the Tiki Formation
Genus Species Material Notes
Tikisuchus[7] T. romeri Partial skull and skeleton of a young individual. A putative rauisuchid.
Desmatosuchinae[8] indeterminate Osteoderms An indeterminate aetosaur.
Pseudosuchia[9] indeterminate An indeterminate pseudosuchian.

Non-archosaur Reptiles

Non-archosaur Reptiles of the Tiki Formation
Genus Species Material Notes
Colossosuchus[10] C. techniensis Numerous skulls and post cranial material from several individuals. A large sized phytosaur.
Volcanosuchus[11] V. statisticae A skull. A Phytosaur.
Parasuchus[7][6] P. hislopi Skull. A Phytosaur.
Phytosauria[5][12][13] indeterminate Atleast 52 specimens. Indeterminate phytosaurs.
Clevosaurus[14] C. nicholsi Jaw fragments. A clevosaurid rhynchocephalian.
Sphenodontia[15][5][6] indeterminate Indeterminate rhynchocephalian.
Hyperodapedon[16][6] H. huxleyi Rare maxillary tooth plate. A large sized hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur.
H. tikiensis Various cranial and postcranial elements. A hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur.
Azendohsaurus[15] A. sp. Teeth An azendohsaurid allokotosaur.
Protecovasaurus[17] P. sp. Teeth An indeterminate diapsid.
Galtonia[17] G. sp. Teeth An indeterminate diapsid.

Synapsids

Cynodont

Cynodonts of the Tiki Formation
Genus Species Material Notes
Gondwanadon[18][19] G. tapani A single molar A morganucodont
Inditherium[20] I. floris[20] Three postcanine teeth A dromatheriid
Rewaconodon[18] R. indicus[20] A partial jaw and three postcanine teeth A dromatheriid
R. tikiensis[6]
Ruberodon[18][21] R. roychowdhurii Five partial jaws A traversodontid
Tikiodon[18] T. cromptoni A single postcanine tooth A mammaliamorph
Tikitherium[18][22] T. copei A single postcanine tooth A mammaliaform. Initially described as a basal mammaliaform related to Docodonta, but later redescribed as a Neogene shrew fossil that was reworked into the older deposit.[23]
Cynodontia indet.

Amphibians

Temnospondyls

Temnospondyls of the Tiki Formation
Genus Species Material Notes
Compsocerops[24] C. tikiensis A chigutisaurid temnospondyl
Metoposaurus[7] M. sp. A metoposaurid temnospondyl
Panthasaurus P. maleriensis A metoposaurid temnospondyl
Metoposauridae[13] indeterminate Atleast 655 specimens An indeterminate metoposaurid.

Other Amphibians

Other Amphibians of the Tiki Formation
Genus Species Material Notes
Eodiscoglossus[6] E. sp An incomplete jaw A discoglossid frog

Actinopterygiis

Actinopterygiis of the Tiki Formation
Genus Species Material Notes
Gnathorhiza G. sp.[25] Teeth. A gnathorhizid lungfish.
Ptychoceratodus P. oldhami[25] Teeth. A ptychoceratodontid lungfish.
Actinopterygii[6] indeterminate An indeterminate actinopterygii.
Coelacanthidae[6] indeterminate An indeterminate coelacanthid.

Chondrichthyes

Chondrichthyes of the Tiki Formation
Genus Species Material Notes
Cladodus[6] C. sp. Teeth. A ctenacanth.
Lonchidion L. estesi A hybodont.
L. encumbens A hybodont.
Mooreodontus[15] M. indicus[26] Teeth. A xenacanthid.
M. jaini[26] Teeth.
Pristrisodus[27] P. tikiensis[27] Teeth. A hybodont, formerly known as Parvodus tikiensis and Lissodus duffini.[6]
Tikiodontus[26] T. asymmetricus[26] Teeth. A xenacanthid.

Flora

Flora of the Tiki Formation
Genus Species Material Notes
Pagiophyllum[28] P. bosei A Pinid.
Yabeiella[28] Y. indica A Cycadeoid.
Lepidopteris[28] L. stormbergensis A Peltaspermaceae.
Desmiophyllum[28] D. singhii A Coniferales.
Elatocladus[28] E. raoi A Coniferales.
E. sp.
E. denticulatus
Dicroidium[28] D. coriaceum A Corystospermales.
D. giarensis
D. zuberi
D. cf. odontopteroides
D. sp.
Xylopteris[28] X. sp. A Corystospermales.
Sphenobaiera[28] S. janarensis A Ginkgoales.
Baiera[28] B. sp. A Ginkgoales.
Thinnfeldia[28] T. hughesi A Pteridosperm.
Baieroxylon[29] B. cicatricum A Ginkgoales.

Correlations

The Tiki Formation is considered a temporal equivalent of the Lower Maleri Formation. The majority of the Tiki Formation correlates with the Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina, the upper part of the Santa Maria Formation, and the overlying lower Caturrita Formation of Brazil, the Isalo II Beds of Madagascar, Lossiemouth Sandstone of Scotland, and the lower Tecovas Formation of the Chinle Group of North America.

See also

  • List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
    • List of stratigraphic units with indeterminate dinosaur fossils

References

  1. ↑ Weishampel et al., 2004, "Dinosaur distribution", pp. 517-607
  2. ↑ Chatterjee, 1978
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Sen, S.; Bagchi, S.; Ray, S. (2025). "Biogeographical network analysis of the Late Triassic dinosaurs and new insights on their geodispersal routes". Gondwana Research 144: 167–180. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2025.04.007. 
  4. ↑ Ray, Sanghamitra; Bhat, Mohd Safi; Mukherjee, Debarati; Datta, P. M. (2016-12-31). "Vertebrate fauna from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation of India: new finds and their biostratigraphic implications" (in en). Journal of Palaeosciences 65 ((1-2)): 47–59. doi:10.54991/jop.2016.298. ISSN 2583-4266. https://jpsonline.co.in/index.php/jop/article/view/298. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Datta et al., 2005
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 Kumar & Sharma, 2019
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Chatterjee & Majumdar, 1987
  8. ↑ Haldar, A.; Ray, S. (2025). "First report of desmatosuchine aetosaur (Pseudosuchia, Aetosauriformes) osteoderms from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of India: Their complex internal vascular system, functional significance and biostratigraphy". Journal of Anatomy. doi:10.1111/joa.14255. PMID 40205778. 
  9. ↑ Huene, 1940
  10. ↑ Datta, D.; Ray, S. (2023). "A giant phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India with new insights on phytosaur migration, endemism and extinction". Papers in Palaeontology 9 (1): e1476. doi:10.1002/spp2.1476. Bibcode: 2023PPal....9E1476D. 
  11. ↑ Datta, Debajit; Ray, Sanghamitra; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati (2021). "Cranial morphology of a new phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India: implications for phytosaur phylogeny and biostratigraphy" (in en). Papers in Palaeontology 7 (2): 675–708. doi:10.1002/spp2.1292. ISSN 2056-2802. Bibcode: 2021PPal....7..675D. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/spp2.1292. 
  12. ↑ Mukherjee & Ray, 2012
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Rakshit, N. & Ray, S. (2020). "Mortality dynamics and fossilisation pathways of a new metoposaurid-dominated multitaxic bonebed from India: a window into the Late Triassic vertebrate palaeoecosystem". Historical Biology
  14. ↑ Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Datta, Debajit; Ray, Sanghamitra; Datta, P. M. (2023-01-02). "A new clevosaurid (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from the Upper Triassic of India" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 43 (1). doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2232833. ISSN 0272-4634. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2023.2232833. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Singh, Y. Priyananda; Sharma, K. Milankumar; Tiwari, Raghavendra Prasad; Patnaik, Rajeev; Singh, Nongmaithem Amardas; Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit (27 March 2023). "Lepidosauromorphs and associated vertebrate fauna from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation, South Rewa, Gondwana basin, India: implication for paleoenvironment and paleobiogeography" (in en). Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy 89 (2): 325–346. doi:10.1007/s43538-023-00162-0. ISSN 0370-0046. Bibcode: 2023INSAP..89..325S. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43538-023-00162-0. Retrieved 27 December 2024. 
  16. ↑ Mukherjee, Debarati; Ray, Sanghamitra (2014). Benson, Roger. ed. "A new Hyperodapedon (Archosauromorpha, Rhynchosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India: implications for rhynchosaur phylogeny" (in en). Palaeontology 57 (6): 1241–1276. doi:10.1111/pala.12113. ISSN 0031-0239. Bibcode: 2014Palgy..57.1241M. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12113. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Ray, Sanghamitra; Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Datta, P. M. (2021-02-01). "First record of varied archosauriforms from the Upper Triassic of India based on isolated teeth, and their biostratigraphic implications" (in en). Historical Biology 33 (2): 237–253. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1609957. ISSN 0891-2963. Bibcode: 2021HBio...33..237R. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2019.1609957. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Bhat, M. S.; Ray, S.; Datta, P. M. (2020). "New cynodonts (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of India and their significances". Journal of Paleontology 95 (2): 376–393. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.95. 
  19. ↑ Datta & Das, 1996
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Bhat, M. S.; Ray, S.; Datta, P. M. (2020). "New cynodonts (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of India and their significances". Journal of Paleontology 95 (2): 376–393. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.95. 
  21. ↑ Ray, S. (2015). "A new Late Triassic traversodontid cynodont (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (3). doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.930472. Bibcode: 2015JVPal..35E0472R. 
  22. ↑ Datta, P. M. (2005). "Earliest mammal with transversely expanded upper molar from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (1): 200–207. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0200:EMWTEU2.0.CO;2]. 
  23. ↑ Averianov, Alexander O.; Voyta, Leonid L. (March 2024). "Putative Triassic stem mammal Tikitherium copei is a Neogene shrew" (in en). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 31 (1). doi:10.1007/s10914-024-09703-w. ISSN 1064-7554. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10914-024-09703-w. 
  24. ↑ Chakravorti, Sanjukta; Sengupta, Dhurjati Prasad (2023-03-06). "The first record of chigutisaurid amphibian from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation and the probable Carnian pluvial episode in central India" (in en). PeerJ 11. doi:10.7717/peerj.14865. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 9997194. https://peerj.com/articles/14865/. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Ray, Sanghamitra (2020-03-15). "A record of new lungfishes (Osteichthyes: Dipnoi) from the Carnian (Upper Triassic) of India" (in en). Historical Biology 32 (3): 428–437. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1499020. ISSN 0891-2963. Bibcode: 2020HBio...32..428B. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2018.1499020. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Ray, Sanghamitra; Datta, P.M. (2018). "A new assemblage of freshwater sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Triassic of India" (in en). Geobios 51 (4): 269–283. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2018.06.004. Bibcode: 2018Geobi..51..269B. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016699517301717. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Ray, Sanghamitra; Datta, P. M. (2018). "A new hybodont shark (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of India with remarks on its dental histology and biostratigraphy" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 92 (2): 221–239. doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.63. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 2018JPal...92..221B. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/new-hybodont-shark-chondrichthyes-elasmobranchii-from-the-upper-triassic-tiki-formation-of-india-with-remarks-on-its-dental-histology-and-biostratigraphy/CB0142469CBECF7333AE748F7E877EAB. 
  28. ↑ 28.00 28.01 28.02 28.03 28.04 28.05 28.06 28.07 28.08 28.09 Pal, P.K. (1984). "Triassic plant megafossils from the Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India". The Palaeobotanist 32(3):253-309.
  29. ↑ Chandra, S. & Tewari, R. (1991). "A Catalogue of Fossil Plants from India Part 2: Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Megafossils". 1-81

Bibliography

  • Kumar, J.; Sharma, K. M. (2019). "Micro and mega-vertebrate fossils from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India: palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiogeographic implications". Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 64 (2): 151–168. doi:10.1177/0971102320190201. Bibcode: 2019JPalS..64..151K. 
  • Mukherjee, D.; Ray, S. (2012). "Taphonomy of an Upper Triassic vertebrate bonebed: A new rhynchosaur (Reptilia; Archosauromorpha) accumulation from India". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 333-334: 75–91. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.010. Bibcode: 2012PPP...333...75M. 
  • Datta, P. M.; Das, D. P.; Luo, Z.-X. (2004). "A late Triassic dromatheriid (Synapsida: Cynodontia) from India". Annals of Carnegie Museum 73 (2): 72–84. doi:10.5962/p.215151. Bibcode: 2004AnCM...73...72D. 
  • Weishampel, David B., ed (2004). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 1–880. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZFDb_iw40C. Retrieved 2019-02-21. 
  • Datta, P. M.; Das, D. P. (1996). "Discovery of the oldest fossil mammal from India". Indian Minerals 50: 217–222. 
  • Chatterjee, S.; Majumdar, P. K. (1987). "Tikisuchus romeri, a new rauisuchid reptile from the Late Triassic of India". Journal of Paleontology 61 (4): 787–793. doi:10.1017/S0022336000029139. Bibcode: 1987JPal...61..787C. 
  • Pal, P.K (1984). "Triassic plant megafossils from the Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India". The Palaeobotanist 32: 253–309. 
  • Chatterjee, S (1978). "A primitive parasuchid (Phytosaur) reptile from the Upper Triassic Maleri Formation of India". Palaeontology 21: 83–127. 
  • Huene, F. von (1940). "The tetrapod fauna of the Upper Triassic Maleri Beds". Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India Palaeontologia Indica. New Series 32: 1–42. 
  • Lydekker, R (1885). "The Reptilia & Amphibia of the Maleria & Denwa Groups". Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Palaeontologia Indica, Series IV. Indian Pretertiary Vertebrata 1: 1–38. 



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