Engineering:Airbus Zephyr
| Zephyr | |
|---|---|
| |
| An artist's impression of the UAV | |
| Role | high-altitude platform station |
| National origin | United Kingdom |
| Manufacturer | Airbus Defence and Space |
| Design group | initially Qinetiq |
| First flight | December 2005[1] |
| Introduction | 2024 (planned)[2] |
| Status | Under development |
The Zephyr is a series of high-altitude platform station aircraft produced by Airbus. They were designed originally by QinetiQ, a commercial offshoot of the UK Ministry of Defence. In July 2010, the Zephyr 7 flew during 14 days. In March 2013, the project was sold to Airbus Defence and Space. In the summer of 2022, the Zephyr 8/S flew during 64 days.
The unmanned aerial vehicles are powered by solar cells, recharging batteries in daylight to stay aloft at night. The latest Zephyr 8/S weighs 60 kg (130 lb), has a wingspan of 25 m (82 ft), can reach 23,200 m (76,100 ft) and can lift a 5 kg (11 lb) payload for months. They can be used for mobile phone coverage, environmental monitoring, military reconnaissance or as a communications relay.
Development
Zephyr 3
In 2003, QinetiQ, a commercial offshoot of the UK Ministry of Defence, was planning to fly its Zephyr 3 up to 40 km at 70 m/s (250 km/h; 140 kn), after being released from a high-altitude balloon at 9 km, besting the NASA Helios which had reached 29 km.[3] It was envisionned as an alternative to space satellites, stationed permanently in the stratosphere for environmental monitoring, mobile phone coverage or military applications.[3] The QinetiQ 1 balloon altitude record attempt failed in 2003.[4]
In February 2005, Qinetiq was preparing a demonstration above 30,000 ft for the UK Ministry of Defence at the Woomera Test Range in Australia, for reconnaissance or as a communications relay.[4]
Zephyr 6
Between 28 and 31 July 2008, in a demonstration for the US military at its Yuma Proving Ground in Arizona, the Zephyr 6 flew for 82 hours and 37 minutes, an unofficial record as the FAI wasn't involved.[5]
Zephyr 7
On 23 July 2010, the Zephyr 7 took the FAI-sanctioned duration record after a 336 hours (14 days), 22 min and 8 s flight,[6] reaching 21,562 m (70,741 ft).[7] It exceeded the nine days (216 hours) of the 1986 round-the-world flight of the Rutan Voyager.[8]
In March 2013, the project was sold to EADS Astrium (now Airbus Defence and Space).[9]
In 2014 it flew for 11 days in the short days of winter whilst carrying a small payload for the British Ministry of Defence,[10] and later near civilian airspace.[11]
Zephyr 8/S
In February 2016, the UK Ministry of Defence purchased two Zephyr 8 planes.[12] In August 2016, a third was purchased.[13]
In 2016, a twin-tailed Zephyr T variant, providing a maritime surveillance and communications capability, was scheduled for flight testing in 2018.[14]
In summer 2018, for its maiden flight from Arizona, the Zephyr S remained aloft for 25 days 23 hours 57 minutes, nearly twice as long as the previous record flight of 14 days set by its predecessor.[15] By October 2021, it had flown 2,435 hours.[16]
On 15 June 2022, the Zephyr S took off in Arizona, venturing for the first time into international airspace and over water.[17] On 19 August, the plane was lost over the Arizona desert after a flight time of 64 days.[18] It covered 56,000 km over the southern United States, the Gulf of Mexico, and South America.[19]
The aircraft was lost when one engine component (redesigned since) failed in an unusual high-altitude storm turbulence at 17 km.[2] By early 2023, Airbus planned to launch operations from the end of 2024 with around 18 aircraft.[2] By 2034, a 1,000 aircraft constellation could cover 2.9 billion people, and would provide emergency 4G/5G following natural disasters.[2] The larger Zephyr variant, with twice the payload capacity, is expected for 2026.[2]
Design
Zephyr 3
The 12 m (39 ft) wide aircraft had a carbon composite frame to weigh 12 kg (26 lb), and 1 kW of solar cells powering five motors.[3]
Zephyr 6
The carbon fiber Zephyr 6 has a 18 m (59 ft) span and weighs 30-34 kg (70 lb) for a 2 kg (4.5 lb) payload.[5] Amorphous silicon solar cells from Unisolar recharge lithium-sulphur batteries from Sion Corporation with twice the energy density of the best alternative, lithium polymer batteries.[5] Launched by hand, it can reach 18 km (60,000 ft).[5] The first version had a battery capacity of 3 kW·h, driving two propellers.[20]
Zephyr 7
Zephyr 7 was larger, at 53 kg,[21] and capable of a maximum altitude between 20 and 21 km,[22] it required five ground crew to launch, as opposed to three previously for the Zephyr 6.[23]
Zephyr 8/S
Designed to fly at 20 km (65,000 ft) for more than a month, the 25 m (82 ft) wide Zephyr 8 is 30% lighter and can lift 50% more batteries than the Zephyr 7.[24] It weighs 60 kg, 40% of which are batteries (24kg), and the 5 kg payload can transmit video with a 50 cm resolution from above 20 km.[12] They should be able to operate year-round between 40 degrees North and South, while winter operation gets more difficult at higher latitudes.[12]
It used Amprius lithium-ion batteries with silicon nanowire anodes for a 435 Wh/kg specific energy up from 300–320 Wh/kg.[25] Solar cells are high-efficiency, lightweight, and flexible inverted metamorphic multi-junction epitaxial lift-off GaAs sheets manufactured by MicroLink Devices, with specific power exceeding 1,500 W/kg and areal powers greater than 350 W/m2.[26]
One Zephyr can replace 250 cell phone towers.[27] It can be used to perform intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) with a wide visual payload coverage of 20×30 km (12.4×18.6 mi) and can be equipped with radar, LIDAR and infrared technologies.[17]
Endurance is targeted for up to 200-300 days.[2] An 8 kg (17.6 lb) mobile connectivity payload can serve up to 100,000 people on the ground.[2] A 5 kg Airbus-developed Opaz optical sensor can deliver 18 cm-resolution imagery.[2]
Specifications
| Model | Span | Weight | Ceiling | Endurance | Payload |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zephyr 4 | 12 m (39 ft) | 17 kg (37 lb) | 9 140 m (30 000 ft) | 6 h | |
| Zephyr 5 | 16 m (52 ft) | 31 kg (68 lb) | 11 000 m (36 000 ft) | 18 h | |
| Zephyr 6 | 18 m (59 ft) | 30 kg (66 lb) | 18 300 m (60 000 ft) | 87 h | 2 kg (4.4 lb) |
| Zephyr 7 | 22,5 m (74 ft) | 53 kg (117 lb) | 21 000 m (69 000 ft) | 336 h | 5 kg (11 lb) |
| Zephyr 8/S | 25 m (82 ft) | 62-65 kg (137-143 lb) | 23,200 m (76,100 ft)[16] | 624 h | 5 kg (11 lb) |
| Zephyr T | 32 m (105 ft) | 145 kg (320 lb) | 20 kg (44 lb) |
Accidents and incidents
(As of August 2022), three hull losses have been reported:
- March 2019, Wyndham, Western Australia[29]
- 28 September 2019, Wyndham, Western Australia, during the first flight after the first incident in March 2019[30][29]
- 19 August 2022, Arizona, just before breaking the record for the longest flight of any aircraft (a total of 64 days)[18]
See also
- NASA Pathfinder (First flew in June 1983)
- NASA Centurion (First flight 10 November 1998)
- NASA/AeroVironment Helios Prototype (First flight 8 September 1999)
- Facebook Aquila (First flight 28 June 2016)
- SoftBank/AeroVironment HAPSMobile (First flight 11 September 2019)
- BAE Systems PHASA-35 (First flight 17 February 2020)
- Solar-powered aircraft
Notes and references
- ↑ Craig Hoyle (11 July 2006). "Energetic Qinetiq". flightglobal. https://www.flightglobal.com/energetic-qinetiq/68321.article.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Craig Hoyle (6 January 2023). "Airbus readies high-flying Zephyr for 2024 service launch". Flightglobal. https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/airbus-readies-high-flying-zephyr-for-2024-service-launch/151546.article.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Amos, Jonathan (24 June 2003). "Strato-plane looks forward". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3016082.stm.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Craig Hoyle (22 February 2005). "UK's Zephyr UAV to be tested for military role". Flight International. https://www.flightglobal.com/uks-zephyr-uav-to-be-tested-for-military-role/59002.article.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Amos, Jonathan (24 August 2008). "Solar plane makes record flight". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7577493.stm.
- ↑ "FAI Record ID No. 16052". FAI. 16 October 2017. https://www.fai.org/record/16052. "Absolute Record of class U (Experimental / New Technologies) for Duration"
- ↑ "FAI Record ID No. 18683". FAI. 29 August 2018. https://www.fai.org/record/18683. "Record of class U (Experimental / New Technologies) for True altitude"
- ↑ Amos, Jonathan (23 July 2010). "'Eternal plane' returns to Earth". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-10733998.
- ↑ "First flight of Astrium's Zephyr solar HAPS" (Press release). Airbus. 25 September 2013. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013.
- ↑ Tovey, Alan (31 August 2014). "Fly 11 days non-stop? Now that's long-haul". Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/11064789/Fly-11-days-non-stop-Now-thats-long-haul.html.
- ↑ Woodrow Bellamy III (1 October 2014). "Airbus Zephyr Proves Value For Civil Operations in Middle East". Avionics Today (Access Intelligence LLC). https://www.aviationtoday.com/2014/10/01/airbus-zephyr-proves-value-for-civil-operations-in-middle-east/.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "MoD to buy high-flying solar planes". BBC. 2 February 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35478489.
- ↑ "MOD buys third record-breaking UAV" (Press release). UK MOD. 17 August 2016.
- ↑ "Farnborough 2016: Airbus releases Zephyr T details, outlines CONOPS for systems". Janes. 14 July 2016. http://www.janes.com/article/62274/farnborough-2016-airbus-releases-zephyr-t-details-outlines-conops-for-systems.
- ↑ Dan Thisdell (8 August 2018). "Airbus sets flight endurance record with Zephyr UAV". Flightglobal. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airbus-sets-flight-endurance-record-with-zephyr-uav-451006/.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Sampson, Ben (15 October 2021). "Airbus Zephyr breaks more aviation records during flight testing". https://www.aerospacetestinginternational.com/news/flight-testing/airbus-zephyr-breaks-more-aviation-records-during-flight-testing.html.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Buchaniec, Catherine (2022-07-22). "Up, up and away: Airbus' Zephyr drone breaks flight record high above Arizona". https://www.defensenews.com/unmanned/2022/07/22/up-up-and-away-airbus-zephyr-drone-breaks-flight-record-high-above-arizona/.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 "The Airbus Zephyr Comes Crashing Down In Arizona". Simple Flying. 20 Aug 2022. https://simpleflying.com/airbus-zephyr-flight-ends/.
- ↑ "Unexpected end to Zephyr 8's record-smashing 64-day endurance flight". New Atlas. 24 August 2022. https://newatlas.com/aircraft/zephyr-8-mission-ends-abruptly-record-breaking-endurance-flight/.
- ↑ Bush, Steve (28 September 2007). "Inside Qinetiq's Zephyr solar powered plane". Electronics weekly. https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/research-news/process-rd/inside-qinetiqs-zephyr-solar-powered-plane-2007-09/.
- ↑ "Wing-to-tail guide to Zephyr, the 'eternal' plane". BBC News. 23 July 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-10742411.
- ↑ "British MoD Acquires Solar-Powered Zephyr UAV". 17 February 2016. http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/air-space/isr/2016/02/17/british-mod-acquires-solar-powered-zephyr-uav/80513364/.
- ↑ Goodier, Rob (7 July 2010). "Solar Plane Aims for New Record: 3 Months Aloft Without a Pilot or Fuel". Popular mechanics. https://www.popularmechanics.com/flight/drones/how-to/a5914/solar-plane-zephyr-uav-record/d.
- ↑ "United Kingdom Ministry of Defence places order for two solar-powered Airbus Zephyr 8s" (Press release). Airbus. 18 February 2016.
- ↑ Graham Warwick (13 December 2018). "Record-Breaking Zephyr's Battery Holds eVTOL Potential". Aviation Week & Space Technology. http://aviationweek.com/future-aerospace/record-breaking-zephyr-s-battery-holds-evtol-potential.
- ↑ MicroLink Devices (Oct 17, 2018). "MicroLink Devices Powers Successful Stratospheric Flight of Airbus Defence and Space Zephyr S HAPS Solar Aircraft" (Press release).
- ↑ "Zephyr". Airbus. https://www.airbus.com/en/products-services/defence/uas/uas-solutions/zephyr.
- ↑ "Airbus-QinetiQ Zephyr". AviationsMilitaires.net. https://aviationsmilitaires.net/v3/kb/aircraft/show/2654/airbus-qinetiq-zephyr.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 "In-flight break-up involving Airbus Zephyr unmanned aerial vehicle, near Wyndham Airport, Western Australia, on 28 September 2019". Australian Transport Safety Bureau. 28 Sep 2020. https://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/investigation_reports/2019/aair/ao-2019-056/.
- ↑ "Outback aviation incident linked to UK Ministry of Defence". 9News. 12 Apr 2019. https://www.9news.com.au/national/news-wa-outback-aviation-incident-linked-to-uk-ministry-of-defence/9419a3a8-532a-4804-921b-8b492b8c068a.
External links
- Ben Sampson (17 July 2018). "Zephyr S high-altitude persistent drone could achieve 100-day flight during tests". Aerospace Testing International. http://www.aerospacetestinginternational.com/news.php?NewsID=92195.
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