Engineering:Curtiss NC

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Curtiss NC
Curtiss NC-1 3 October 1918- initial three engine configuration.jpg
"NC-1" after completion, in three-engine configuration, 3 October 1918.
Role Long-range patrol
National origin United States
Manufacturer Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company
First flight 4 October 1918[1]
Primary user United States Navy
Number built 10
Variants NC-4

The Curtiss NC (Curtiss Navy Curtiss, nicknamed "Nancy boat" or "Nancy") was a flying boat built by Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company and used by the United States Navy from 1918 through the early 1920s. Ten of these aircraft were built, the most famous of which is the NC-4, the first airplane to make a transatlantic flight. The NC-4 is preserved in the National Museum of Naval Aviation, at NAS Pensacola, Florida.


Development

Manufacture of the "NC"s began in 1918 during World War I.[2] The U.S. Navy wished for an aircraft capable of long ocean flights, both for anti-submarine warfare patrol, and if possible with capability to fly across the Atlantic Ocean under their own power to avoid having to be shipped through ocean waters menaced by German submarines. This was a very ambitious undertaking, given the state of aviation at the time. The Navy and Curtiss came up with one of the largest biplane designs yet produced, equipped with sleeping quarters and a wireless transmitter/receiver. It was originally powered by three V12 Liberty engines, of 400 hp (298 kW) each; during the testing phase Marc Mitscher recommended the addition of a fourth engine to help create enough power to lift the boats out of the water. The fourth engine was added to the midline in a pusher configuration.[3] The maximum speed was 90 mph (144 km/h) and the estimated maximum range was 1,500 mi (2,400 km). Called NC boats, with the "N" for Navy and "C" for the builder Curtiss, they were nicknamed "Nancys".[3]

NC-1 and NC-2 engine nacelle arrangements

NC-3 instrument panel (center nacelle)

As originally completed the NC-1 had three tractor engines in nacelles located midway between the mainplanes, the centre nacelle housing the cockpit for two pilots. Due to a lack of power the centre nacelle was raised, elongated forwards and a pusher engine added. With this engine arrangement the pilots cockpit was moved to the hull in a more conventional position.

NC-2 differed in having the centre engine, of its complement of three, fitted as a pusher, retaining the pilots cockpit in the centre nacelle. Also suffering from a lack of power, the NC-2 was modified with four engines in tandem outer nacelles, (due to the outer nacelles being built closer to the centre nacelle, the three tractor/one pusher arrangement was impractical). Initially the centre cockpit nacelle was retained but this was soon removed and a similar conventional cockpit to NC-1 was added.

NC-3 onwards continued with the later NC-1 arrangement of 3x tractor/1x pusher engines and conventional cockpit in the hull.[4]

Operational history

NC-3 off the Azores, 1919.

On 4 October 1918, the first of these aircraft, the NC-1, made its first test flight with the early three-engine configuration.[1] On 25 November, it flew again, with a world record 51 people on board. [5] Armistice Day, signaling the end of the war in Europe, came before testing of the first NC and construction of the other three of the Navy's initial order had been completed.

The NC-2 suffered damage during the testing phase and was cannibalized for spare parts.

The other three NCs, NC-1, NC-3, and NC-4, set out on what was intended as the first demonstration of transatlantic flight, via Newfoundland and the Azores, on 8 May 1919. As junior officer, Mitscher, who had been allotted to one of the commands, lost his command when NC-2 had to be broken up for parts. He went on the flight as one of the pilots of the NC-1.[6] The group met heavy fog off the Azores, making flight in the crudely instrumented aircraft extremely dangerous. Without a visible horizon it was extremely difficult to keep the aircraft in level flight. NC-1 tried different altitudes and soldiered on for several hours before eventually putting down just short of the Azores and was damaged beyond repair in the rough seas.[7]

Only the NC-4 made it through. The crew of NC-1 was rescued at sea. Attempts to tow the aircraft to the Azores failed. NC-3 was forced to land some 205 mi (330 km) distance from the Azores, but the crew, led by Commander John Henry Towers, managed to sail her to Ponta Delgada unaided.[5] The Navy had two more sets of NCs constructed, numbered NC-5 to NC-8, and NC-9 and NC-10, up to 1921.

Operators

 United States
  • United States Navy

Specifications (NC-4)

Painting of the NC-4 flying over the icy North Atlantic

Data from Curtiss Aircraft 1907-1947[4]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 5
  • Length: 68 ft 3 in (20.80 m)
  • Wingspan: 126 ft (38 m)
  • Height: 24 ft 5 in (7.44 m)
  • Wing area: 2,441 sq ft (226.8 m2)
  • Airfoil: Navy Special[8]
  • Empty weight: 16,000 lb (7,257 kg)
  • Gross weight: 28,000 lb (12,701 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 27,386 lb (12,422 kg)
  • Powerplant: 4 × Liberty L-12A V-12 water-cooled piston engines, 400 hp (300 kW) each

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 85 mph (137 km/h, 74 kn)
  • Stall speed: 62 mph (100 km/h, 54 kn)
  • Range: 1,470 mi (2,370 km, 1,280 nmi)
  • Endurance: 14.8 hours
  • Service ceiling: 4,500 ft (1,400 m)
  • Rate of climb: 220 ft/min (1.1 m/s)
  • Wing loading: 11.5 lb/sq ft (56 kg/m2)
  • Power/mass: 0.06 hp/lb (0.1 kW/kg)

Armament

  • Guns: Machine guns in bow and rear cockpits

See also

Related development

References

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Holmes, Tony (2005). Jane's Vintage Aircraft Recognition Guide. London: Harper Collins. p. 69. ISBN 0-00-719292-4. 
  2. ↑ "Chapter II - A Boat With Wings, p. 24." The Flight Across the Atlantic. Hammpondsport, New York: Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Corporation, 1919.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Taylor 1954, p. 56.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bowers, Chas. M. (1979). Curtiss Aircraft 1907-1947. London: Putnam & Company. pp. 115–120. ISBN 0-370100298. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Wilbur, Ted (1969). "The First Flight Across the Atlantic". Smithsonian Institution. https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/naval-aviation-history/first-flight-across-atlantic.html. 
  6. ↑ Taylor 1954, p. 59.
  7. ↑ Taylor 1954, p. 65.
  8. ↑ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html. 

Bibliography

  • Bowers, Chas. M. (1979). Curtiss Aircraft 1907-1947. London: Putnam & Company. pp. 115–120. ISBN 0-370100298. 
  • Holmes, Tony (2005). Jane's Vintage Aircraft Recognition Guide. London: Harper Collins. p. 69. ISBN 0-00-719292-4. 
  • Steirman, Hy and Glenn D. Kittler. The First Transatlantic Flight, 1919, (originally Triumph). New York: Richardson & Sterman, 1986, first edition 1961. ISBN:0-931933-19-6.
  • Taylor, Theodore. The Magnificent Mitscher. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1954. ISBN:1-59114-850-2.
  • Wagner, Ray. American Combat Planes. New York: Doubleday, 1982, ISBN:0-385-13120-8.
  • "The U.S. Navy Flying-Boat, N.C. 1" (PDF). Flight XI (20): 637–639. May 15, 1919. No. 542. http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1919/1919%20-%200637.html. Retrieved January 12, 2011.  Contemporary technical description of the NC-1 in its original three-engine configuration, with photographs and drawings.



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