Engineering:Electrical safety standards
Electrical safety is a system of organizational measures and technical means to prevent harmful and dangerous effects on workers from electric current, arcing, electromagnetic fields and static electricity.
History
The electrical safety develops with the technical progress. In 1989 OSHA[1] promulgated a much-needed regulation in the General Industry Regulations. Several standards are defined for control of hazardous energy, or lockout/tagout. In 1995 OSHA was successful in promulgation of regulations for utility.[2] In 1994 were established Electrical Safety Foundation International non-profit organization dedicated exclusively to promoting electrical safety at home and in the workplace.[3]
- Standard 29 CFR 1910.269 – for electric power generation, transmission, and distribution, contained comprehensive regulations and addressed control of hazardous energy sources for power plant locations
Standards are compared with those of IEEE and National Fire Protection Association.[4]
Lightning and earthing protection
Lightning and Earthing protection systems are essential for the protection of humans, structures, protecting buildings from mechanical destruction caused by lightning effects and the associated risk of fire, Transmission lines, and electrical equipment from electric shock and Overcurrent.[5]
Earthing protection systems
- TT system
- TN system
- IT system[6]
Lightning protection systems
- lightning rod (simple rod or with triggering system)
- lightning rod with taut wires.
- lightning conductor with meshed cage (Faraday cage)
Physiological effects of electricity
Electrical shocks on humans can lead to permanent disabilities or death. Size, frequency and duration of the electrical current affect the damage.[7] The effects from electric shock can be: stopping the heart beating properly, preventing the person from breathing, causing muscle spasms. The skin features also affect the consequences of electric shock.[8]
- Indirect contact – can be avoided by automatic disconnection for TT system, automatic disconnection for TN systems, automatic disconnection on a second fault in an IT system, measures of protection against direct or indirect contact without automatic disconnection of supply
- Direct contact – can be avoided by protection by the insulation of live parts, protection by means of barriers or enclosures, partial measures of protection, particular measures of protection[9]
Electrical safety conductors
- Template:FlagIOCteam NEC 2008 Table 250.122 – Safeco Electric Supply
Electrical safety standards
- Template:FlagIOCteam Australian Standards – Australia – AS/NZS 3000:2007, AS/NZS 3012:2010, AS/NZS 3017:2007, AS/NZS 3760:2010, AS/NZS 4836:2011[10]
- Template:FlagIOCteam Български Държавен Стандарт – (On English:Bulgarian state standard) – БДС 12.2.096:1986 Bulgaria[11]
- Template:FlagIOCteam Brazilian National Regulation – NR10 Brazil [12]
- Template:FlagIOCteam – China GB4943, GB17625, GB9254[13]
- Template:FlagIOCteam IEEE/TÜV – Germany NSR Niederspannungsrichtlinie 2014/35/EU [14]
- Template:FlagIOCteam La norme français C 15-100 – Aspects de la norme d’installation électrique France [15]
- Template:FlagIOCteam British standard – United Kingdom [16] BS EN 61439, BS 5266, BS 5839, BS 6423, BS 6626, BS EN 62305, BS EN 60529
- Template:FlagIOCteam India Standardization – India – IS-5216, IS-5571, IS-6665[17]
- Template:FlagIOCteam Polska Norma – Poland – PN-EN 61010-2-201:2013-12E[18]
- Template:FlagIOCteam – ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р МЭК 61140-2000,ГОСТ 12.2.007.0-75,ГОСТ Р 52726-2007 Russia |[19]
- Template:FlagIOCteam NFPA, IEEE STD 80, IEEE STD 80 – United States [20]
NFPA 496, NFPA 70
Lightning protection standards
- Template:FlagIOCteam NFPA 780, IEC 62305
- Template:FlagIOCteam СТО 083-004-2010,ГОСТ Р МЭК 62561.2-2014
- Template:FlagIOCteam БДС EN 62305-1:2011
- Template:FlagIOCteam Norme NF C 15-100
- Template:FlagIOCteam DIN EN 62305-1
- Template:FlagIOCteam PN-EN 62305
- Template:FlagIOCteam BS-EN 62305
- Template:FlagIOCteam UNE 21186. Protección contra el rayo
- Template:FlagIOCteam SNI 03-7015-2004
- Template:FlagIOCteam IS 2309
- Template:FlagIOCteam GB/T 36490-2018
Electronics and communications
Electronic products safety standards
The manufacturers of electronic tools must take into account several standard for electronic safety to protect the health of humans and animals.
- ANSI C95.3:1972 – Techniques & instrumentation for measurement of
potentially hazardous electromagnetic radiation at microwave frequencies.[21]
- Template:FlagIOCteam CNC-St2-44.01 V02.1.1 [22]
- Template:FlagIOCteam NOM-152
- Template:FlagIOCteam MET MOC 023/96
Communication and high frequency safety standards
Few standard were introduced for the harmful impact from high frequency,Template:FlagIOCteam CB-02 Radio Equipment[23]
- ANSI/IEEE 1.2 mW/Cm for antennas 1800-2000 MHz range.[24]
- Radio Communication safety Template:FlagIOCteam ANSI/IEEE C95.1-1992,[25]Template:FlagIOCteam ГОСТ Р 50829-95
- Mobile Communication safety 73/23/EEC and 91/263/EEC[26]
See also
Gallery
Danger symbol
Principle Protection separation
Safe distances earthing
Lightning rod
Extra low voltage symbol
Fire protection symbol
Electrical Hazard symbol
References
- ↑ Controlling electrical hazard
- ↑ Brainfilter.com
- ↑ ESFI
- ↑ The history of electrical safety
- ↑ http://www.electrical-knowhow.com
- ↑ Electrical installations
- ↑ Physiological Effects of Electricity
- ↑ Electrical injuries
- ↑ electrical-installation.org
- ↑ Australian Electrical Standards
- ↑ BDS Official webpage
- ↑ Brazilian National Standard Page
- ↑ CCC Certification
- ↑ https://www.tuev-nord.de
- ↑ http://www.france-electric.com
- ↑ British standard
- ↑ Indian standard
- ↑ Bezpieczenstwo-uzytkowania-i-funkcjonalne
- ↑ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СТАНДАРТ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ Система стандартов безопасности труда
- ↑ https://www.osha.gov
- ↑ "Electronic products safety standards". http://advantage-dev.com/More%20Pages/Safety_Standards_for_Electronic_Products.pdf.
- ↑ http://www.metlabs.com
- ↑ http://www.metlabs.com
- ↑ High Frequency Radiation and Human Exposure Mahmoud M. Dawoud
- ↑ Radio frequency safety standards
- ↑ ГОСТ
- Дулицкий Г. А., Комаревцев А. П. Электробезопасность при эксплуатации электроустановок напряжением до 1000 В. Справочник. — М.: Воениздат, 1988.
- IEC 60050-195:1998. International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. Part 195: Earthing and protection against electric shock. Edition 1.0. – Geneva: IEC, 1998‑08.
- Marinela Yordanova – Technical Safety, Bulgaria BDS standards, 2010
- M.M. Dawoud, A.S. Farag, J.M. Bakhashwain, and A. Frazi,"Study of EM Fields and
Radiated Power Generated from Dammam Radio Stations,"1998
- N. Kuster, Q. Balzano, James C. Lin – Mobile Communications Safety, Springer Science & Business Media, 6 Dec 2012
 |  |
