Engineering:Flèche (architecture)

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Short description: Spires in Gothic architecture
Flèche of Sainte-Chapelle, Île de la Cité, designed by Jean-Baptiste Lassus.[1]
Notre-Dame de Paris with its 19th century flèche, lost to fire in 2019.
Flèche of St Michael's Castle, St Petersburg, designed by Vasily Bazhenov.[2]
Model of the flèche of Notre-Dame de Paris made for Eugène Viollet-le-Duc (1859) (Museum of Historic Monuments, Paris)

A flèche (French: [flɛʃ]; [[language|]] for 'arrow')[3] is the name given to spires in Gothic architecture. In French, the word is applied to any spire, but in English it has the technical meaning of a spirelet or spike on the rooftop of a building.[4][5] In particular, the spirelets often built atop the crossings of major churches in mediaeval French Gothic architecture are called flèches.[5]

On the ridge of the roof on top of the crossing (the intersection of the nave and the transepts) of a church, flèches were typically light, delicate, timber-framed constructions with a metallic sheath of lead or copper.[6] They are often richly decorated with architectural and sculptural embellishments: tracery, crockets, and miniature buttresses serve to adorn the flèche.[6]

Flèches are often very tall: the Gothic Revival spire of Notre-Dame de Paris (1858–2019) by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was about 100 feet (30 m) before its destruction in the Notre-Dame de Paris fire, while the 16th century flèche of Amiens Cathedral is 148 feet (45 m) high.[6]

The highest flèche in the world was built at the end of the 19th century for Rouen Cathedral, 157 metres (515 ft) high in total.[7]

A short spire or flèche surrounded by a parapet is common on churches in Hertfordshire; as a result, this type of flèche is called a Hertfordshire spike.[8]

The Gothic Revival flèche on the St. Peter's Church of Leuven, Belgium.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015), "Lassus, Jean-Baptiste-Antoine" (in en), A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (Oxford University Press), doi:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5, https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-2613, retrieved 2020-05-27 
  2. ↑ Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015), "Bazhenov, Vasily Ivanovich" (in en), A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (Oxford University Press), doi:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5, https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-476, retrieved 2020-05-27 
  3. ↑ "spirelet". CollinsDictionary.com. HarperCollins. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/spirelet. 
  4. ↑ Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds (2015). "spire" (in en). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-4392. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015), "flèche" (in en), A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (Oxford University Press), doi:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5, https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-1827, retrieved 2020-05-27 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Flèche | architecture". http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/209889/fleche. 
  7. ↑ Causarano, Marie Ange (2009-12-30). "La cattedrale e la città: il cantiere del Duomo di Siena. Risultati delle indagini archeologiche". Arqueología de la Arquitectura (6): 199–224. doi:10.3989/arqarqt.2009.09013. ISSN 1989-5313. 
  8. ↑ Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015), "Hertfordshire spike" (in en), A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (Oxford University Press), doi:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-967498-5, https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-2249, retrieved 2020-05-27 



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