Engineering:Flechette
A flechette (/fleɪˈʃɛt/ fle-SHET) is a pointed, fin-stabilized steel projectile. The name comes from French fléchette, meaning "little arrow" or "dart", and sometimes retains the acute accent in English: fléchette. They have been used as ballistic weapons since World War I. Delivery systems and methods of launching flechettes vary, from a single shot, to thousands in a single explosive round. The use of flechettes as antipersonnel weapons has been controversial.[1]
Air-dropped
During World War I, flechettes were dropped from aircraft to attack infantry and were able to pierce helmets.[2][3]
Later the U.S. used Lazy Dog bombs, which are small, unguided kinetic projectiles typically about 1.75 in (44 mm) in length, 0.5 in (13 mm) in diameter, and weighing about 0.7 oz (20 g).[4]
The weapons were designed to be dropped from an aircraft. They contained no explosive charge but as they fell they developed significant kinetic energy making them lethal and able to easily penetrate soft cover such as jungle canopy, several inches of sand or light armor.[5][6][full citation needed] Lazy Dog munitions were simple and cheap; they could be dropped in huge numbers in a pass.[6][full citation needed] Though their effects were often no less indiscriminate than other projectiles,[citation needed] they did not leave unexploded ordnance (UXO) that could be active years after a conflict ended. Lazy Dog projectiles were used primarily during the Korean and Vietnam Wars.[citation needed]
Small-arms ammunition
The excellent ballistic performance and armor-piercing potential of flechettes have made the development and integration of this class of munition attractive to small-arms manufacturers. A number of attempts have been made to field flechette-firing small arms.[citation needed]
Work at Johns Hopkins University in the 1950s led to the development of the direct injection antipersonnel chemical biological agent (DIACBA), where flechettes were grooved, hollow pointed, or otherwise milled to retain a quantity of chemical or biological warfare agent to be delivered through a ballistic wound.[7] The initial work was with the nerve agent VX, which had to be thickened to deliver a reliable dose. Eventually this was replaced by a particulate carbamate. The US Biological Program also had a microflechette to deliver either botulinum toxin A or saxitoxin, the M1 biodart, which resembled a 7.62 mm rifle cartridge. The USSR had the AO-27 rifle as well as the APS amphibious rifle, and other countries have their own flechette rounds.[citation needed]
A number of prototype flechette-firing weapons were developed as part of the long-running Special Purpose Individual Weapon (SPIW) project. The Steyr-Mannlicher ACR rifle was a prototype flechette-firing assault rifle built for the US Army's Advanced Combat Rifle program of 1989–90.[citation needed]
A variation of the flechette addressing its difficulties is the SCMITR, developed as part of the Close Assault Weapon System, or CAWS, project. Selective-fire shotguns were used to fire flechettes designed to retain the exterior ballistics and penetration of standard flechettes, but increase wounding capacity through a wider wound path.[citation needed]
Shotguns
During the Vietnam War the United States employed 12-gauge combat shotguns using flechette loads.[8][9] These plastic-cased shells were issued on a limited trial basis during the Vietnam War. Cartridges manufactured by the Western Cartridge Company contained 20 flechettes, each 18.5 mm (0.73 in) long and weighing 7.3 gr (0.47 g); Federal Cartridge Company rounds contained 25. The flechettes were packed in a plastic cup with granulated white polyethylene to maintain alignment with the bore axis, and supported by a metal disk to prevent penetration of the over-powder wad during acceleration down the bore. The tips of the flechettes were exposed in the Federal cartridges, but concealed by a conventional star crimp in WCC's cartridges.[10] The flechettes demonstrated flatter trajectories over longer ranges than spherical buckshot, but combat effectiveness did not justify continued production.[11]
Rocket and artillery use
Smaller flechettes were used in special artillery shells called "beehive" rounds (so named for the very distinctive whistling buzz made by thousands of flechettes flying downrange at supersonic speeds) and intended for use against troops in the open – a ballistic shell packed with flechettes was fired and set off by a mechanical time fuse, scattering flechettes in an expanding cone.[citation needed]
During the Vietnam War 105 mm howitzer batteries and tanks (90 mm guns) used flechette rounds to defend themselves against massed infantry attacks. The ubiquitous 106 mm M40 recoilless rifle was primarily used as an anti-tank weapon. However, it could also be used in an anti-personnel role with the use of flechette rounds. The widely used Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle also uses an Area Defence Munition designed as a close-range anti-personnel round. It fires 1,100 flechettes over a wide area.[1] The US Air Force used 2.75 in (70 mm) rockets with WDU-4/A flechette warheads.[citation needed]
The 70 mm Hydra 70 rocket currently in service with the US Armed forces can be fitted with an anti-personnel (APERS) warhead containing 1,179 flechettes.[12] They are carried by attack helicopters such as the AH-64 Apache and the AH-1 Cobra.[citation needed]
Russo-Ukrainian war
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Flechettes have been used during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, where samples of the projectiles were recovered in the mass graves in Bucha.[13] A witness described munitions bursting overhead and littering the area with 3 cm flechettes. A British munitions expert reviewed photographs of the flechettes and concluded that they likely came from a 122 mm 3Sh1 artillery round. A speaker for the Ukrainian Ground Forces stated that Ukraine's military does not use shells with flechettes.[14]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Peace group slams sale of Swedish 'meat grinder' ammunition". 6 March 2011. https://www.thelocal.se/20110306/32424.
- ↑ "Dropping Darts From An Aeroplane". 12 September 2014. https://av8rblog.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/dropping-darts-from-an-aeroplane/.
- ↑ "WWI Flechettes – The troop piercing arrows dropped from planes onto German trenches". 3 March 2018. https://www.thevintagenews.com/2018/03/03/the-flechettes/.
- ↑ Karmes 2014.
- ↑ Eades & Powers 1964, passim.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Pursglove 1962.
- ↑ Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists May 1975 Vol. 31, No. 5 – 48 pages, "... using deliberately contaminated shrapnel or multiple-flechette – 'beehive' – munitions, as in the now defunct DIACBA development program of the US Army ..."
- ↑ Margiotta, Franklin D. (1996). Brassey's Encyclopedia of Land Forces and Warfare. Brassey's. ISBN 1-57488-087-X.
- ↑ Arms Uncontrolled (2nd ed.). Harvard University Press for Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 1975. p. 109. ISBN 0-674-04655-2. https://archive.org/details/armsuncontrolled00barn/page/109.
- ↑ Di Maio, Vincent J.M. (1999). Gunshot Wounds (Second ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 320. ISBN 0-8493-8163-0. https://archive.org/details/gunshotwoundspra00dima/page/320.
- ↑ Canfield, Bruce N. "Vietnam-Era Military Shotshells" American Rifleman July 2015 p. 44
- ↑ "Hydra-70 Rocket System - Army Technology" (in en-GB). Army Technology. https://www.army-technology.com/projects/hydra-70-rocket-system-us/.
- ↑ "Dozens of Bucha civilians were killed by metal darts from Russian artillery" (in en-UK). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/24/dozens-bucha-civilians-killed-flechettes-metal-darts-russian-artillery.
- ↑ "Lethal darts were fired into a Ukrainian neighborhood by the thousands" (in en-US). Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/04/18/flechette-projectile-ukraine-russia/.
Bibliography
- Eades, J. B.; Powers, C. (1964). Static and Dynamic Stability Studies on Several Lazy Dog Configurations. Naval Ordnance Laboratory. DTIC AD0352807. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0352807. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
- Karmes, David (2014), The Patricia Lynn Project: Vietnam War, the Early Years of Air Intelligence, ISBN 978-1-4917-5227-2
- Pursglove, S. David (February 1962). "Bizarre Weapons for the Little Wars". Popular Mechanics (Hearst Magazines) 117 (2): 107–112. ISSN 0032-4558. https://books.google.com/books?id=reEDAAAAMBAJ&q=lazy%20dog%20weapon&pg=PA107. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
External links
- "How flechettes work"—The Guardian newspaper
- Missiles and Flechettes —Pictures of air dropped flechettes, from World War I through the 1970s at big-ordnance.com
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