Chemistry:Flexible tank
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Flexible tanks (also flexi-bags, flexibags and flexi-tanks) are a kind of storage equipment for liquids such as water or oil. Compared to steel tanks, flexible tanks have many advantages, including lighter weight and being rustproof, foldable, and quicker and easier to set up. With the same capacity, an empty flexible tank may have just 10% of a steel tank's weight. The disadvantages of flexible tanks include lower durability and shorter longevity. Some flexible tanks can be used as transport containers on trucks, ships, or aeroplanes, with some suitable for use in airdrops, helicopter swing, or hauling water.
Flexible tanks can be made of high-tensile strength polyester fabric, with elastomer or plastomer (PU, PVC, nitrile) coated on both sides.
History
Flexible tanks were first used in World War II aircraft including both fighters such as the Spitfire and bombers. Early manufacturers of flexible tanks included Marston Excelsior, who made fuel tanks for Vickers Wellington bombers and de Havilland Mosquito fighter-bombers in World War II.[1]
Flexible tanks can be used to transport wine,[2] juices, latex, oils and chemicals. Flexible tanks "made of fabric sandwiched between layers of rubber-like material" were advertised by ICI in 1959 as ways of carrying "all kinds of liquids from formaldehyde to fruit juice", and to "hold with equal safety anything from acids to drinking water." The advertisement compared modern flexible tanks to goatskins used to carry liquids by "our ancient forefathers".[3]
The tanks used in F1 and rally cars and fighting vehicle fuel tanks are a kind of fabric reinforced thermoplastic or rubber Storage tank for liquids. These have greatly reduced deaths from fire among racing drivers.[4] Rubber fuel tanks have been viable technology for cars since the late 1950s,[5] but few manufacturers have adopted them.
In 1962, 10,000 gallon flexible tanks made of neoprene rubber were used to store fuel oil in Antarctica. Each tank weighed 750 pounds and could be folded up into a volume of 125 cubic feet. The tanks were laid directly on to the Antarctic permafrost.[6]
Water Storage
The water industry began using flexible membranes in the 1950s. Advantages over rigid storage systems include low cost, less algae growth, lower groundwater contamination, and less evaporation and seepage. Disadvantages include shorter life expectancy, greater susceptibility to damage, and more frequent maintenance requirements. Due to the structural limitations of flexible tanks, they tend to have a maximum recommended water storage capacity.[7]
Alternative to tank containers
Flexi-bags offer an alternative to ISO tank containers for shipping oils, juices, wines, food-grade liquids and nonhazardous chemicals across the globe. Flexi-bags are usually loaded into 20′ food-grade, ISO containers for maritime or rail transport.[8] Sizes range from 16,000 to 26,000 litres. For transport in the US, the materials used in the production of flexi-bags must meet the US Food and Drug Administration, EU food-grade or German BAG standards.[citation needed] The idea is to isolate the liquid being transported from ambient air to avoid oxidation. [9]
They can also be used to transport a variety of other liquids such as base oils.
Depending on the product, many ISO tank container operators argue that flexi-bags can be more costly and less environmentally sound. This is generally the case for higher value products and/or environmentally dangerous products, because the transport protection offered by a flexi-bag is less, and the level of product that is left in the flexi-bag (2 to 5%) is higher than the amount left in a tank container.
See also
References
- ↑ Grace's Guide: Marston Excelsior
- ↑ Flexible tanks for bulk wine storage. Australian and New Zealand Grapegrower and Winemaker. 2004. Issue 487, pages 100-104. (behind paywall)
- ↑ ICI advertisement. The New Scientist. 16 April 1959. Volume 5, Number 126. Page 826.
- ↑ Technical F1 Dictionary: Fuel cell or Fuel tank. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ↑ Francis, Devon (Nov 1961). "Detroit Report". Popular Science (Bonnier Corporation) 179 (5). ISSN 0161-7370. https://books.google.com/books?id=VSEDAAAAMBAJ&dq=flexible+tanks&pg=PA58.
- ↑ Fuel Facilities. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Polar Research, International Council of Scientific Unions. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. Symposium on Antarctic Logistics, Boulder, Colorado. August 13–17, 1962 Page 323.
- ↑ Flexible-membrane Covers and Linings for Potable-water Reservoirs. American Water Works Association. 2000-12-01. ISBN 9781613001776. https://books.google.com/books?id=pOBU5VuVjGkC&dq=flexible+tanks&pg=PA4.
- ↑ "Carriage of liquids in flexi-tanks". GARD News Insight 186, 2007. 1 May 2007. https://www.gard.no/web/updates/content/53393/carriage-of-liquids-in-flexi-tanks. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- ↑ "Code of Practice for Flexitanks". Surbiton, United Kingdom: Container Owners Association. 1 September 2011. http://containerownersassociation.org/resources/COA-+Code+of+Practice+for+Flexitanks_Hi+Res.pdf.
External links
- SAE International: Aircraft Flexible Tanks General Design and Installation Recommendations 1996
- Health and Safety Executive: Fluid structure interaction effects on and dynamic response of pressure vessels and tanks subjected to dynamic loading, 2007 (rigid and flexible tanks)
- Australian Government National Water Commission: Rainwater Tank Design and Installation Handbook, 2008.
- Fem Seismic Analysis Of Steel Tanks For Oil Storage In Industrial Facilities (14th WCEE, 2008).
- Grace's Guide: Marston Excelsior re fuel tanks for WWII aircraft.
- Used Container Advantages
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