Engineering:Gun Carrier Mark I
| Gun Carrier Mark I | |
|---|---|
 British Gun Carrier Mark I carrying a 60-pounder gun | |
| Type | Self-propelled artillery |
| Place of origin | United Kingdom |
| Service history | |
| Used by | UK |
| Wars | World War I |
| Production history | |
| Designed | July 1916 |
| Manufacturer | Kitson & Co. |
| Produced | June–July, 1917 |
| No. built | 48 |
| Variants | Gun Carrier Crane, Gun Carrier Mark II (project only) |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 27 long tons (27 t) unloaded, 34 long tons (35 t) maximum |
| Length | 30 ft (9.1 m), 43 ft (13 m) with tail |
| Width | 11.6 ft (3.5 m) |
| Height | 7.9 ft (2.41 m) |
| Crew | 6 + gun crew |
Main armament | 60-pounder gun or 6-inch 26 cwt howitzer |
| Engine | Daimler petrol engine 105 hp |
| Suspension | Unsprung |
Operational range | 23.5 mi (37.8 km) |
| Speed | 3.70 mph (5.95 km/h) |
The Gun Carrier Mark I was the first piece of self-propelled artillery ever to be produced, a British development from the First World War. Gun carriers were first used in the Battle of Pilckem Ridge (31 July – 2 August 1917) during the Third Battle of Ypres (31 July – 10 November 1917).
Development
During 1916 it became clear that in case of a breakthrough, the very purpose of the first tank, the Mark I, artillery would have great trouble following the advancing troops. Any successful offensive would therefore be in danger of stalling immediately. To solve this problem, Major John Greg,[1] an engineer working for the main tank producing company Metropolitan, Carriage, Wagon and Finance, proposed to build special mechanised artillery, using parts of the Mark I. The production of a prototype was approved on 5 June 1916; the actual design began in July. The first prototype was ready to participate in the Tank Trials Day at Oldbury on 3 March 1917. An order of fifty vehicles was given to Kitson & Co. in Leeds. Deliveries to the army started in June and ended in July of the same year.
Description
The vehicle bore little resemblance to the Mark I. The tracks retained a vestige of the 'lozenge' form but very low, almost flat. At the rear a rectangular superstructure covered the Daimler 105 hp engine and transmission of the Mark I; the transmission was reversed compared to its position in the Mark I. This structure also housed the vehicle commander, a mechanic and two gearsmen. The original double tail wheel of the Mark I (intended to aid steering but often omitted in action) was attached to the rear of the vehicle and seems to be retained in photographs.
The front section, an open area between the tracks, was flanked by tall narrow structures, above the front of the track frame at each side, that acted as armoured cabs for driver on the left and brakesman to the right. In the prototype these driving positions had been directly in front of the superstructure; moving them forward greatly improved visibility, but made communication very difficult. This arrangement had obvious disadvantages where, as in the Mark I, four men, including the gearsmen, had to co-ordinate their actions to drive and manoeuvre a most ungainly vehicle. Between these two structures lay a low-slung pivoting platform able to accommodate a 60-pounder (5-inch) gun, a 6-inch 26 cwt howitzer or any equivalent in stores or personnel.
This platform acted as a loading ramp, down which a loading trolley or cradle could be lowered and positioned beneath the gun carriage. The wheels of the gun were removed and attached to the side of the carrier until needed again. The carriage was lowered onto the trolley which could then be winched up onto the platform using a pair of engine-driven winding drums. The procedure could be reversed to unload the gun. Spaces to the rear of the cabs were used to store up to a hundred rounds of ammunition for the howitzer in addition to other warlike stores. In theory, the field gun could be fired from the vehicle; in reality only the howitzer could be so used.[2]
Since this weapon could be fired while mounted—even if never fired in anger—the Gun Carrier Mark I has been called the first modern self-propelled gun, defined as a weapon system capable of independent action and having operational mobility on the battlefield.
Operational history
In July 1917, two Gun Carrier Companies were formed of 24 vehicles each. Probably none of them ever fired a shot. As breakthroughs never materialised the vehicles were ultimately only used as supply tanks. It was calculated a single tank had the same carrying capacity as 291 human porters. The first Gun Carrier Tanks arrived in France before the Third Battle of Ypres (31 July – 10 November 1917) and were attached to XVIII Corps.[3] The gun carriers were first used at the Battle of Pilckem Ridge (31 July – 2 August 1917) and by the end of the year 44 were in France.[4][5] The gun carriers moved 60-pounder guns and several hundred tons of ammunition. The gun carriers were rarely employed as mobile artillery but as supply tanks they had much greater capacity than converted Mk I and Mk IV tanks and were well-suited to the conditions of the Western Front and they would remain in constant use until the end of hostilities.[6][7][8]
In June 1918, the two Gun Carrier Companies became supply companies attached to the 3rd and 5th Tank Brigades. At the Battle of Hamel (4 July 1918), four gun carriers moved 20–25 long tons (20–25 t) of engineer stores just behind the final objective within thirty minutes of its capture. The four officers and sixteen men transported the equivalent of 1,200 man-loads, economising about two infantry battalions of manpower. At the beginning of August, the 1st Gun Carrier Company was attached to the 5th Tank Brigade, the 2nd company to the 3rd Tank Brigade, 1st company to the 1st Tank Brigade and the 2nd company to the 4th Tank Brigade. The 3rd and 5th Tank Supply companies were at Blingel Camp, the 4th company was with the 2nd Tank Brigade, all except the 1st Tank Supply Company and the 2nd Gun Carrier Company, ready for the Battle of Amiens (8–12 August 1918).[9] There were seven gun carriers available for the opening of the Battle of Cambrai on 20 November 1917 and for the Battle of Amiens, the Australian Corps had 22 gun carriers allotted for supply.[10] On the night of 6/7 August, the 1st Gun Carrier Company carrying explosives had driven to an orchard on the west of Villers Bretonneux, a shell from a German battery near Chipilly ignited a camouflage net and 16 of the 22 vehicles exploded.[11]
Variants
Two vehicles out of the order of fifty were finished as Gun Carrier Cranes, salvage tanks with a hand-operated crane in the front but without the distinctive pair of forward cabs.[12]
Gun Carrier Mark II
There was a project for a Gun Carrier Mark II. Early in 1917, a wooden mock-up was made of an improved type, carrying the gun at the back. A prototype was partly built but never finished; the existence of the project is still reflected by the original type being today known as the Gun Carrier Mark I.[13]
References
- ↑ Supplement to the London Gazette, 7 June 1918, p6689.
- ↑ MSW (2016-02-03). "Gun Carrier Mark I". https://weaponsandwarfare.com/2016/02/04/gun-carrier-mark-i/.
- ↑ Fuller 1920, p. 166.
- ↑ Edmonds 1991, p. 179.
- ↑ Fuller 1920, p. 167.
- ↑ Harris 1995, p. 100.
- ↑ Hammond 2005, p. 297.
- ↑ Livesey 2007, p. 119.
- ↑ Fuller 1920, pp. 168–169.
- ↑ Hammond 2005, pp. 190, 297–298.
- ↑ Fuller 1920, p. 169.
- ↑ Stern 1919, p. 106.
- ↑ "Gun Carrier Mk.I (1917)" (in en-US). http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww1/gb/Gun_Carrier_Mk-I.php.
Bibliography
Books
- {{cite book |ref=CITEREFEdmonds1991
- {{cite book |ref=CITEREFFuller1920
- Harris, J. P. (1995). Men, Ideas and Tanks: British Military Thought and Armoured Forces, 1903–39. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-4814-2.
- Livesey, Jack (2007). Armoured Fighting Vehicles of World Wars I and II. London: Anness. ISBN 978-1-84476-370-2.
- Stern, Albert G. (1919). Tanks 1914–1918: The log Book of a Pioneer. London: Hodder & Stoughton. OCLC 385642. https://archive.org/details/tankslogbookapi00stergoog. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
Theses
- Hammond, Christopher Brynley (2005). The Theory and Practice of Tank Co-operation with other Arms on the Western Front during the First World War. findit.bham.ac.uk (PhD thesis). University of Birmingham. OCLC 911156915. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.433696. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
Further reading
Books
- Browne, D. G. (1920). The Tank in Action (online ed.). Edinburgh: W. Blackwood. OCLC 699081445. https://archive.org/details/tankinaction00browrich. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
- Haigh, R. (1918). Life in a Tank (online ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 1906675. https://archive.org/details/lifeinatank00haiggoog. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
- Liddell Hart, B. (1959). The Tanks: The History of the Royal Tank Regiment and its Predecessors, Heavy Branch Machine-Gun Corps, Tank Corps and Royal Tank Corps, 1914–1945. 2 volumes. London: Royal Armoured Corps, Royal Tank Regiment. OCLC 314958433.
- Watson, W. H. L. (1920). A Company of Tanks (online ed.). Edinburgh: W. Blackwood. OCLC 262463695. https://archive.org/details/companyoftanks00watsrich. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
- Williams-Ellis, A.; Williams-Ellis, C. (1919). The Tank Corps (online ed.). New York: G. H. Doran. OCLC 317257337. https://archive.org/details/tankcorps00willgoog. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
Theses
- Childs, David John (1996). British Tanks, 1915–18: Manufacture and Employment. copac.jisc.ac.uk (PhD). Glasgow: University of Glasgow. OCLC 557405280. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.309487. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
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