Engineering:HQ-9

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The HQ-9 (simplified Chinese: 红旗-9; traditional Chinese: 紅旗-9; pinyin: Hóng Qí-9; literally: 'Red Banner-9'; NATO reporting name: CH-SA-9.[1]) is a long-range semi-active radar homing (SARH) surface-to-air missile (SAM) developed by the People's Republic of China.[2][3] The naval variant is the HHQ-9 (simplified Chinese: 海红旗-9; traditional Chinese: 海紅旗-9; pinyin: Hǎi Hóng Qí-9; literally: 'Sea Red Banner-9').[2] The HQ-9 and its export variants are developed by China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC).[4]

Description

HQ-9 Surface-to-air missiles

The HQ-9 development program started in the 1970s, with full-scale development beginning in the late-1980s.[5]

According to Western analysts, the HQ-9 is "equivalent"[6] to or a derivative of the Russian S-300, which China started importing in 1993.[7][2][3] Justin Bronk of the Royal United Services Institute describes the missile as a "hybrid design based on the Russian SA-20 but with radar, seeker head and C2 elements heavily influenced by American and Israeli technology."[6]

The missile uses track-via-missile (TVM) guidance combining inertial guidance, mid-course uplink, and terminal active radar.[8] The TVM used on earlier missiles may have been developed from a United States MIM-104 Patriot missile purchased from Israel or Germany.[9]

According to a 2001 article from Defence International, the HQ-9 is 6.8 m. long with a mass of nearly two tons. The diameters of the first and second stages are 700 mm and 560 mm, respectively. The warhead mass is 180 kg, and the maximum speed is Mach 4.2. The HQ-9 may use fire-control radars from other Chinese SAM systems.[10]

Variants

HHQ-9C at the 2025 China Victory Day Parade
Air defense
  • HQ-9 — Original variant. NATO reporting name: CH-SA-9.
Changchun (150) equipped with HHQ-9.
  • HHQ-9 — Naval surface-launched variant.[2] NATO reporting name is CH-SA-N-9.[1]
  • HQ-9A — Improved version, first tested in 1999 and service entry in 2001.[11]
  • HQ-9B — Improved version with a range of up to 260 km and added passive infrared seeker.[3] Reportedly tested in February 2006.[11] NATO reporting name is CH-SA-21.[1]
  • HHQ-9B — Naval surface-launched variant of HQ-9B; NATO reporting name is CH-SA-N-21.[1]
  • HQ-9C — Improved ground-based missile system, can intercept ballistic missile targets at their terminal phases.[12] The HQ-9C also has slimmer missiles compared to the regular HQ-9, with each vehicle capable of carrying eight interceptors.[13]
  • HHQ-9C — Naval surface-launched variant of the HQ-9C.[13]
Ballistic missile defense and anti-satellite
  • HQ-19 (NATO reporting name: CH-AB-2)[14] – Anti-ballistic missile variant, reportedly designed to counter medium-range ballistic missiles. It targets ballistic missiles in their midcourse and terminal phases, and it is comparable to the US THAAD.[15] The missile may have "begun preliminary operations" by 2018.[16]
Export
  • FD-2000 (Chinese: 防盾-2000; pinyin: Fáng Dùn-2000; literally: 'Defense Shield-2000') – Export variant with a range of 125 km.[9] May be fitted with YLC-20 passive radar against stealthy targets.[17] May use the HT-233 target-acquisition radar,[18] Type 120 low-altitude search radar, and Type 305A AESA search radar.[17]
  • FD-2000B – Export variant with a range of 250 km.[1]
  • HQ-9P – Custom variant for Pakistan. Range of 125 km for interception against aircraft and around 25 km against cruise missiles.[19][20]

Foreign interest

Turkey

The HQ-9 was a contender in Turkey's T-LORAMIDS program, and it was reportedly selected as the winner in September 2013.[21] The United States responded by blocking funds to integrate the Chinese system into NATO defenses.[22] However, through 2013 there was no confirmation that the deal had been finalized.[23][24][25] In February 2015, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey was informed by the Ministry of National Defence that the evaluation of bids was complete and that the chosen system would be used by Turkey without integration with NATO; the system was not explicitly named. However, other Turkish officials reported that no winner had been selected.[26] Later in the month, Turkish officials revealed that negotiations were ongoing with multiple bidders; the Chinese bid had not yet satisfied requirements concerning technology transfer.[27] In March 2015, a China Daily article reported that it was "well-known that the Chinese FD-2000 system, a HQ-9 model for export, was chosen for the contract with Turkey in 2013" based on comments made by a CPMIEC representative at the 2015 Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition; the article was misleadingly called "Missile sale to Turkey confirmed."[28] In November 2015, Turkey confirmed it would not purchase the HQ-9, opting for an indigenously developed system instead.[29]

Operating history

China

China has deployed HQ-9s near or in disputed territory. Missiles were deployed in July 2015 to Hotan in Xinjiang, close to Kashmir across the Line of Actual Control,[30] and in February 2016 to Woody Island in the disputed South China Sea.[31][32]

The naval variant, the HHQ-9, was deployed by the PLAN by 2009. It was first carried by the Type 052C destroyer.[33]

Pakistan

The Pakistan Army operates the HQ-9/P variant.[20] Negotiations for the purchase of the HQ-9 and HQ-16 by Pakistan began in early 2015.[34] The system officially entered service on October 14, 2021.[20] The HQ-9/P's first combat use was during the 2025 India–Pakistan conflict[35][36] and may have shot down Indian aircraft.[36] According to Indian sources, a HQ-9 fire control radar at Chaklala was destroyed.[37]

Egypt

It was reported that Egypt had acquired HQ-9B systems in mid-2025 by the Middle East Monitor[38], and in December 2025, it was reported that the Egyptians had deployed the system as part of an A2/AD system in the Sinai near Israel in a major move to boost aerial defenses not done since 1979[39]

Operators

  Current operators: Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Morocco, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Egypt
 Azerbaijan
China China
  • People's Liberation Army Air Force - 196 HQ-9, 96 HQ-9B as of 2024[43]
  • People's Liberation Army Navy
 Egypt
  • Egyptian Air Defense Forces - In 2025, Middle East Monitor reported that, according to Israeli media, Egypt had received the HQ-9B.[38][additional citation(s) needed]
 Iran
  • Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces - An Iranian lawmaker said on 23 September 2025 that HQ-9s are being supplied to Iran "in significant numbers".[44]
Template:MOR
  • Royal Moroccan Army - Four batteries of FD-2000B purchased in 2016. The first battery was expected to be delivered in 2020 or 2021.[45]
 Pakistan
  • Pakistan Army[20]
  • Pakistan Air Force[46]
 Turkmenistan
  • Turkmen Air Force[47]
 Uzbekistan
  • Uzbekistan Air and Air Defence Forces[18][48]

See also

Similar systems
  • HQ-22
  • Terminal High Altitude Area Defense
  • MIM-104 Patriot
  • S-300 (missile)
  • Medium Extended Air Defense System
  • Project Kusha
  • Aster
  • David's Sling
  • Barak 8
Related lists

References

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Chapter Five: Asia: Regional trends in 2024". The Military Balance 2025 125 (1): 206–311. 2025. doi:10.1080/04597222.2025.2445477. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named aspj_mccabe
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named hopkins_scs_dahm_p6
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named janes_producer
  5. ↑ "红旗9衍生自S-300？专家：引进前早已研发". https://www.chinanews.com.cn/mil/2013/10-10/5359494.shtml. Retrieved 2025-10-20. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bronk, Justin (January 2020). Modern Russian and Chinese Integrated Air Defence Systems: The Nature of the Threat, Growth Trajectory and Western Options (Report). Royal United Services Institute. p. 20. https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/occasional-papers/modern-russian-and-chinese-integrated-air-defence-systems-nature-threat-growth-trajectory-and/. Retrieved 11 December 2021. 
  7. ↑ "#761401". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. https://armstransfers.sipri.org/ArmsTransfer/TransferData/transferDetail?entityId=761401. 
  8. ↑ "Hong Qi 9 (HQ-9) Air Defence Missile System". 28 May 2021. https://www.army-technology.com/projects/hong-qi-9-hq-9-air-defence-missile-system/?cf-view. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named janes_woody_fisher
  10. ↑ 「黃河」 (January 2001). "巡天神箭 紅旗9號與紅旗家族動態". Defence International (114): 72–81. http://www.diic.com.tw. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "HQ-9/-15, and RF-9 (HHQ-9 and S-300) (China), Defensive weapons". 7 January 2010. http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Strategic-Weapon-Systems/HQ-915-and-RF-9-HHQ-9-and-S-300-China.html. 
  12. ↑ Chan, Ryan (4 September 2025). "China Builds Own 'Golden Dome' To Rival US Missile Defense". https://www.newsweek.com/china-builds-own-golden-dome-rival-us-missile-defense-2124240. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Kajal, Kapil (3 September 2025). "From nuclear triad to hypersonics: What China unveiled in largest military parade ever". https://interestingengineering.com/military/china-showed-biggest-military-parade. 
  14. ↑ Trevithick, Joseph (4 February 2021). "China Claims It Has Conducted A New Midcourse Intercept Anti-Ballistic Missile Test". https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/39093/china-claims-it-has-conducted-a-new-midcourse-intercept-anti-ballistic-missile-test. 
  15. ↑ Saunders, Phillip C. (10 June 2021). "Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Hearing on China's Nuclear Forces". https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2021-06/Phillip_Saunders_Testimony.pdf. 
  16. ↑ United States Office of the Secretary of Defense (2018). Annual Report To Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2018. (Report). p. 60. https://media.defense.gov/2018/Aug/16/2001955282/-1/-1/1/2018-CHINA-MILITARY-POWER-REPORT.PDF. Retrieved 11 December 2021. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Hasik, James (2 October 2013). "Chinese Anti-Aircraft Missiles for Turkey? Some Implications for Security and Industry". https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/content-series/defense-industrialist/chinese-anti-aircraft-missiles-for-turkey-some-implications-for-security-and-industry/. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Cranny-Evans, Samuel (22 November 2019). "Uzbekistan conducts first FD-2000 air-defence test". https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/uzbekistan-conducts-first-fd-2000-air-defence-test. 
  19. ↑ Usman Ansari (27 March 2024). "Pakistan unveils aircraft and rocket programs, parades military tech". https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2024/03/27/pakistan-unveils-aircraft-and-rocket-programs-parades-military-tech/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Cranny-Evans, Samuel; Dominguez, Gabriel (15 October 2021). "Pakistan Army commissions HQ-9/P air-defence system". https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pakistan-army-commissions-hq-9p-air-defence-system. 
  21. ↑ Toksabay, Ece (26 September 2013). "Chinese firm wins Turkey's missile defense system tender". reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-china-defence-idUSBRE98P10620130926. 
  22. ↑ Wilson, Steve (14 December 2013). "Congress to block Turkey using US funds to buy missile system from blacklisted Chinese firm". AFP. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/10517547/Congress-to-block-Turkey-using-US-funds-to-buy-missile-system-from-blacklisted-Chinese-firm.html. 
  23. ↑ Lague, David (2 October 2013). "For China, Turkey missile deal a victory even if it doesn't happen". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/china-turkey-idUSL4N0HS1PK20131002. 
  24. ↑ Daloglu, Tulin (27 September 2013). "Turkey close to deal with China for anti-missile system". Al-Monitor. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/11/turkey-china-anti-missile-system-nato-interoperability.html#. 
  25. ↑ "Update: Turkey Remains Defiant About Co-Producing Missile Defense System with China". Defense Update. 25 October 2013. http://defense-update.com/20131025_turkey-remains-defiant-about-co-producing-missile-defense-system-with-china.html. 
  26. ↑ Karadeniz, Tulay (19 February 2015). "Turkey eyes deal with China on missile defense despite NATO concern". https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-china-defence-idUSKBN0LN0W220150219. 
  27. ↑ Coskun, Orhan; Karadeniz, Tulay (26 February 2015). "Turkey goes back to other missile system bidders as China drags feet: officials". https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-defence-china-idUSKBN0LU1KD20150226. 
  28. ↑ Peng, Yining (19 March 2015). "Missile sale to Turkey confirmed". http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-03/19/content_19850713.htm. 
  29. ↑ Butler, Daren; Karadeniz, Tulay; Martina, Michael (18 November 2015). "UPDATE 2-Turkey confirms cancellation of $3.4-bln missile defence project awarded to China". https://www.reuters.com/article/turkey-china-missile-idUSL8N13C3BP20151118. 
  30. ↑ "PLA sends HQ-9 air defense missiles close to Kashmir border". Want China Times. 6 July 2015. http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150706000005&cid=1101. 
  31. ↑ "China 'has deployed missiles in South China Sea' - Taiwan". BBC News. 17 February 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-35592988. 
  32. ↑ "U.S. expects 'very serious' talks with China after missile reports". Reuters. 17 February 2016. https://www.reuters.com/article/southchinasea-china-missiles-idUSKCN0VP2UT. 
  33. ↑ The People's Liberation Army Navy, A Modern Navy with Chinese Characteristics (Report). Office of Naval Intelligence. August 2009. p. 18. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA510041.pdf. Retrieved 6 December 2025. 
  34. ↑ "Pakistan first to China's table for HQ-9, HQ-16 missile systems". Want China Times. 2 April 2015. http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150402000058&cid=1101. 
  35. ↑ Pervaiz, Sannan (1 August 2025). "China's Role in the May 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict: Strategic and Global Implications" (in en). https://www.belfercenter.org/research-analysis/chinas-role-may-2025-india-pakistan-conflict-strategic-and-global-implications. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Clary, Christopher (28 May 2025). "Four Days in May: The India-Pakistan Crisis of 2025" (in en-US). https://www.stimson.org/2025/four-days-in-may-the-india-pakistan-crisis-of-2025/. 
  37. ↑ Gupta, Shishir (June 8, 2025). "19 Brahmos, Crystal Maze missiles: How India brought Pakistan to its knees during Op Sindoor". Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/19-brahmos-crystal-maze-missiles-details-of-how-india-brought-pakistan-to-its-knees-during-operation-sindoor-101749345012318.html. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Egypt has Chinese air defence system similar to Russia's S-400, say Israeli reports". 16 April 2025. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20250416-egypt-has-chinese-air-defence-system-similar-to-russias-s-400-say-israeli-reports/. 
  39. ↑ "Egypt Deploys HQ-9B in Sinai: New A2/AD Shield Threatens Israel’s Air Dominance". December 3, 2025. https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/egypt-hq9b-sinai-air-defence-threatens-israel-a2ad/. 
  40. ↑ Iddon, Paul (7 November 2025). "Azerbaijan May Have Strengthened Its Air Defense With Chinese Missiles" (in en-US). Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/07/azerbaijan-may-have-strengthened-its-air-defense-with-chinese-missiles/. 
  41. ↑ "Baku's Victory Parade reveals the next generation of Azerbaijan's armed forces – Aze.Media". 2025-11-09. https://aze.media/bakus-victory-parade-reveals-the-next-generation-of-azerbaijans-armed-forces/. 
  42. ↑ Veliyev, Samir. "Military parade in Baku and weapons of deterrence". https://caliber.az/en/post/military-parade-in-baku-and-weapons-of-deterrence. 
  43. ↑ The Military Balance 2024. International Institute for Strategic Studies. p. 260. 
  44. ↑ Daftari, Amir (2025-09-24). "Russia Delivers MiG-29 Jets to Iran Air Force". https://www.newsweek.com/russia-delivers-mig-29-jets-iran-air-force-10479982. 
  45. ↑ Halimi, Mohammed (26 June 2020). "Marruecos a punto de recibir su primer sistema de defensa aérea de largo alcance" (in es). https://www.defensa.com/africa-asia-pacifico/marruecos-punto-recibir-primer-sistema-defensa-aerea-largo. 
  46. ↑ (in en) Hum Arze Pak Key Hawai Fauj K Uqaab, 11 March 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3H7wGfpS68s, retrieved 2022-03-11 
  47. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies 2020, p. 211.
  48. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies 2020, p. 216.

Sources

Template:Chinese Missiles



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