Engineering:Hearing protection device

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Performer Peter Alsop and a child demonstrate different ways of dealing with noise.
Sound levels of some daily activities

A hearing protection device, also known as a HPD, is an ear protection device worn in or over the ears while exposed to hazardous noise to help prevent noise-induced hearing loss. HPDs reduce the level of the noise entering the ear. HPDs can also protect against other effects of noise exposure such as tinnitus and hyperacusis. There are many different types of HPDs available for use, including earmuffs, earplugs, electronic hearing protection devices, and semi-insert devices.[1]

Types

Earmuff hearing protection device.

Earmuffs

Different styles of earplugs are pictured. Left, pre-molded earplugs. Center, formable earplugs. Right, roll-down foam earplugs.

Earmuff style hearing protection devices are designed to fit over the outer ear, or pinna. Earmuff HPDs typically consist of two ear cups and a head band. Ear cups are usually lined with a sound-absorbing material, such as foam. The cups should be fit so that the center of the ear canal aligns with the ear canal opening.[1] The soft cushions seal around the pinna of the ears. The head band, centered at the top of the head, applies force/pressure to seal the ear cups over the ears.[1]

Earplugs

Earplug style hearing protection devices are designed to fit in the ear canal. Earplugs come in a variety of different subtypes.[1] The attenuation offered by these devices can be measured through hearing protection fit testing.

  • Pre-molded earplugs have a preformed shape and a push-to-fit design.
  • Formable earplugs are pliable and take the form of an individual's ear canal.
  • Roll-down foam earplugs are one of the most commonly used earplugs, and are made from slow recovery foam which expands after it has been "rolled-down" and inserted in the ear canal, creating a tighter seal.
  • Custom earplugs are made individually for each user following earmold impressions. Typically custom earplugs are purchased from an audiology clinic or hearing healthcare professional.

Electronic hearing protection devices

Some HPDs reduce the sound reaching the eardrum through a combination of electronic and structural components. Electronic HPDs are available in both earmuff and custom earplug styles. Electronic microphones, circuitry, and receivers perform active noise reduction, also known as noise-cancelling, in which a signal that is 180-degrees out-of-phase of the noise is presented, which in theory cancels the noise.[1]

Custom earplug hearing protection devices.

Some electronic HPDs, known as Hearing Enhancement Protection Systems,[1] provide hearing protection from high-level sounds while allowing transmission of other sounds like speech. Some also have the ability to amplify low-level sounds. This type may be beneficial for users who are in noisy environments, but still need access to lower level sounds. For example, soldiers who need to protect their hearing but also need to be able to identify enemy forces and communicate in noise, hunters who rely on detecting and localizing soft sounds of wildlife but still wish to protect their hearing from recreational firearm blasts, as well as users with pre-existing hearing loss who are in noisy environments may all benefit from In Ear Electronic Hearing Enhancement Protection Systems.[2][1]

Electronic HPDs require the use of batteries and are typically more expensive than non-electronic types.

Semi-insert devices (canal caps)

Canal caps are similar to earplugs in that they consists of soft tip that is inserted into the opening of the ear canal. Some styles are inserted slightly into the ear canal while others sit in place at the opening of the ear canal. In this case, the tips or caps are connected by a lightweight band which also serves to hold them in position.[1]

Dual hearing protection

Dual hearing protection refers to the use of earplugs under ear muffs. This type of hearing protection is particularly recommended for workers in the mining industry because they are exposed to extremely high noise levels, such as an 105 dBA TWA.[3]" /> Fortunately, there is an option of adding electronic features to dual hearing protectors. These features help with communication by making speech more clear, especially for those workers who already have hearing loss.[1]

Hygiene and care

In order to prevent irritation or infection of the ear, reusable HPDs should be cleaned on a regular basis. Before using any HPD, it should be inspected for damage or dirt to ensure that it is safe to use. Single-use, disposable earplugs are available in addition to reusable options.[4] Earplugs intended for single-use should not be washed for reuse as this degrades the material and reduces effectiveness.[5]

Most reusable earplugs can be cleaned using mild soap and warm water between uses and should be replaced every 2–4 weeks.[4] Earmuff cups and cushions should be cleaned regularly with soap and water, and be replaced if they become cracked or otherwise compromised. Ear cushions can last from 3–8 months depending on use.[4] Use of a clean, protective case to store HPDs when not in use is recommended to prevent damage or contamination.[1]

Any damage to a HPD can compromise its integrity, thus reducing its effectiveness. Damaged HPDs should not be used.

Recommended use

Many countries require several interventions to control risks from exposures to loud noise in the workplace. In the US, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration requires hearing conservation programs which include the provision of hearing protection devices. It is also recommended by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, audiologists and other hearing healthcare professionals when one works exposed to noise levels that exceed 85 dB.[1] NIOSH and OSHA base their recommendations for use of hearing protection by a calculation called time-weighted average (TWA). A time-weighted average is the average noise level a worker is exposed to over a period of time. NIOSH recommends that OSHA use an 85 dBA time-weighted average during an 8 hour period as their exposure limit.[1] An 85 dBA time-weighted average means that HPD use is recommended if an employee is exposed to an average noise level of 85 dBA or more during an 8-hour work day. NIOSH also uses a 3 dB exchange rate for time-weighted averages.[1] A 3 dB exchange rate means that for every 3 dB increase in the average level of noise the recommended time being exposed to that level of noise is cut in half. For example, for a worker who is exposed to 88 dBA, it's recommended he/she only be exposed to that level of noise for 4 hours. These levels of noise may be encountered in both occupational and recreational settings. HPDs are recommended for use in settings where it is difficult to control the noise level, and the person exposed to the noise cannot be removed from the environment.

The amount of protection from noise can vary based on the physical fit of the device. Hearing protection devices with accurate placement (an airtight seal) and/or accurate insertion (deep into the ear canal) will provide the most attenuation of noise.[1] There are many challenges to achieving the needed protection from the device, from barriers to adequate use, to issues related to comfort, convenience, lack of training, to beliefs and attitudes towards its use.[6][7][8][9][10][11]

Noise reduction ratings

Hearing protection device manufacturers in the United States are required by the EPA to label HPDs with a noise reduction rating, or NRR. The NRR estimates how much noise is reduced by a hearing protection device, measured in decibels.[1]

The NRR is measured by manufacturers using American National Standards Institute (ANSI) specified procedures in a laboratory environment.[1] The NRR tends to overestimate the amount of protection the HPDs provide in real-world conditions. These differences are most likely attributed to incorrect insertion or poor earplug fit. Because the actual amount of attenuation is typically less than the labeled NRR, the U.S. Department of Labor/OSHA suggest "derating" or reducing the NRR when using it to evaluate total noise exposure when wearing the HPD.[1] OSHA's training manual has uses a 7 dBA correction factor: NRR- 7dBA= estimated noise exposure[12]

in the late 1990s the US National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH) recommended a different derating scheme for HPDs but now encourages the hearing protection fit-testing.[13][14] Hearing protection fit-testing has been developed in order to determine the actual attenuation of the device as it is worn for an individual. These tests for checking attenuation values summarize the real-world attenuation in a personal attenuation rating (PAR).[1] The PAR is unique to the HPD tested and the individual wearing the protection. When obtaining a PAR, it is recommended to test both ears individually as there may be asymmetry between ears. This asymmetry can be caused by anatomical differences between ears or improper fit of the HPD and could lead to a unilateral threshold shift.[1] A PAR can be reported as C-weighted values, A-weighted values, or attenuation values for specific frequencies.[15] The PAR can then be used to determine if the HPD is providing adequate attenuation so that an individual's noise exposure does not exceed the recommended limits set forth by regulatory agencies such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).[15]

Regulations and standards

United States

  • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1983; 29 CFR 1910.95)[16] requires the use of HPDs in occupational settings when the noise exposure levels are equal to or above an 8-hour time-weighted average of 90 dB-A.
  • Mine Safety and Health Administration (1999; 30 CFR Part 62)[17] provides similar regulations as OSHA (above), but further requires simultaneous use of both earplugs and earmuffs when exposure levels exceed a time-weighted average of 105 dB-A.
  • U.S. Department of Defense (2004; Instruction 6055.12, Hearing Conservation Program, March 5, 2004)[18]
  • U.S. Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center (2008; TM 6260.51.99-2)[19]
  • European Commission Directive 2003/10/EC (European Parliament and Council, 2003)[20]
  • American National Standard for Construction Workers (American National Standards Institute/American Society of Safety Engineers, 2007; A10.46)[21]

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 Rawool, Vishakha Waman (2011). "Chapter 6: Hearing Protection and Enhancement Devices". Hearing Conservation: In Occupational, Recreational, Educational, and Home Settings. Thieme. pp. 136–173. ISBN 978-1604062571. 
  2. ↑ "The 5 Best In-Ear Electronic Hearing Protection for Shooting [2021"] (in en-US). 2021-02-27. https://patriotichunter.com/best-in-ear-electronic-hearing-protection-for-shooting/. 
  3. ↑ MacArthur, Adam (2018-06-04). "Double Hearing Protection Requirements". https://harmonycr.com/resources/nrr. Retrieved 27 October 2019. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Care/Maintenance of Earplugs and Earmuffs". 2013. http://www.howardleight.com/assets/attachments/391/care-maintenance.pdf?1441738269. 
  5. ↑ "The Do's and Don'ts of Earplug Use | PeopleHearingBetter". http://phb.secondsensehearing.com/content/dos-and-donts-earplug-use. 
  6. ↑ Tantranont, Kunlayanee; Codchanak, Nuntanat (2017-08-08). "Predictors of Hearing Protection Use Among Industrial Workers". Workplace Health & Safety 65 (8): 365–371. doi:10.1177/2165079917693019. ISSN 2165-0799. PMID 28422611. 
  7. ↑ Smith, Pegeen S.; Monaco, Barbara A.; Lusk, Sally L. (2014-12-12). "Attitudes toward use of hearing protection devices and effects of an intervention on fit-testing results". Workplace Health & Safety 62 (12): 491–499. doi:10.3928/21650799-20140902-01. ISSN 2165-0969. PMID 25207586. 
  8. ↑ John, G. W.; Grynevych, A.; Welch, D.; McBride, D.; Thorne, P. R. (2014). "Noise exposure of workers and the use of hearing protection equipment in New Zealand". Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health 69 (2): 69–80. doi:10.1080/19338244.2012.732122. ISSN 1933-8244. PMID 24205958. 
  9. ↑ Morata, Thais C.; Fiorini, Anna Claudia; Fischer, Frida Marina; Krieg, Edward F.; Gozzoli, Luciane; Colacioppo, Sergio (2001). "Factors affecting the use of hearing protectors in a population of printing workers". Noise & Health 4 (13): 25–32. ISSN 1463-1741. PMID 12678933. 
  10. ↑ Svensson, Eva B.; Morata, Thais C.; Nylén, Per; Krieg, Edward F.; Johnson, Ann-Christin (2004-11-10). "Beliefs and attitudes among Swedish workers regarding the risk of hearing loss". International Journal of Audiology 43 (10): 585–593. doi:10.1080/14992020400050075. ISSN 1499-2027. PMID 15724523. 
  11. ↑ Ntlhakana L, Kanji A and, Khoza-Shangase (2015). "The use of hearing protection devices in South Africa: exploring the current status in gold and ferrous mine". Occupational Health Southern Africa 21 (2): 10–15. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275639377. 
  12. ↑ "OSHA Letter of Interpretation on Hearing Protection Fit Testing". December 5, 2017. https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/1482062O/osha-letter-of-interpretation-on-hearing-protection-fit-testing-regulatory-update.pdf. 
  13. ↑ National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (February 6, 2019). "Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention Programs". https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noise/preventhearingloss/hearlosspreventprograms.html. 
  14. ↑ "NIOSH HPD Well-Fit™: The Future is Fit-Testing | | Blogs | CDC". https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/05/31/well-fit/. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Murphy, William (Winter 2013). "Comparing Personal Attenuation Ratings for Hearing Protector Fit-test systems". CAOHC Update 25: 6–8. http://www.caohc.org/updatearticles/winter2013.pdf?version=012914. 
  16. ↑ "1910.95(a)". https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9735. 
  17. ↑ "PART 62—OCCUPATIONAL NOISE EXPOSURE". https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=92c1e73fd5d6174bfdceb57a4552ca0a&mc=true&node=pt30.1.62&rgn=div5. 
  18. ↑ "INSTRUCTION NUMBER 6055.12". https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/dodd/corres/pdf/i605512_030504/i605512p.pdf. 
  19. ↑ "Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center Technical Manual NMCPHC – TM 6260.51.99-2 (September 2008)". http://www.med.navy.mil/sites/nmcphc/Documents/oem/TM6260_51_99-2_September2008.pdf. 
  20. ↑ "Directive 2003/10/EC - noise". https://osha.europa.eu/en/legislation/directives/82. 
  21. ↑ "ANSI/ASSE A10.46-2013 Hearing Loss Prevention for Construction & Demolition Workers". http://www.asse.org/ansi/asse-a10-46-2013-hearing-loss-prevention-for-construction-and-demolition-workers/. 




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