Engineering:Railway coupling by country

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The railcar couplers or couplings listed, described, and depicted below are used worldwide on legacy and modern railways. Compatible and similar designs are frequently referred to using widely differing make, brand, regional or nick names, which can make describing standard or typical designs confusing. Dimensions and ratings noted in these articles are usually of nominal or typical components and systems, though standards and practices also vary widely with railway, region, and era. Transition between incompatible coupler types may be accomplished using dual couplings, a coupling adapter or a barrier wagon.

Coupler types

Main page: Engineering:Railway coupling

Africa

Algeria

  • English, Russian couplers on 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge track[7]
  • English couplers on 1,055 mm (3 ft 5 1⁄2 in) gauge track[7]

Angola

Botswana

  • AAR couplers

Benin

Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire

Cameroon

  • Russian couplers[7]

Congo~Brazzaville

Democratic Republic of the Congo

  • AAR couplers

Egypt

  • English couplers on historic stock
  • AAR coupler Links on modern stock[10][11][12][13]

Eritrea

Ethiopia

Gabon

  • Russian couplers

Ghana

  • Norwegian couplers on historic stock
  • AAR couplers on modern stock

Kenya

  • AAR and Norwegian couplers on Narrow gauge railways
  • AAR Alliance couplers on Standard gauge railways

Liberia

  • AAR couplers

Malawi

Mali

  • like Senegal

Mauritania

Morocco

  • English couplers[17]

Mozambique

Nigeria

  • AAR couplers on modern 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge railways[18]
  • ABC couplers on legacy 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) railways[19]
  • ABC couplers on legacy Bauchi Light Railway 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) Narrow gauge railways[20]

Senegal

  • English couplers on freight and passenger stock
  • Norwegian couplers on Indian Stock[21]

South Africa

  • Buffers and chain coupler from 1859 to 1873.[22]
  • Johnston link-and-pin from 1873 to 1927 on Cape gauge, from 1906 on 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge in Natal.[23][24]
  • Bell-and-hook from 1902 on 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge in the Cape of Good Hope.[24][25]
  • AAR knuckle wide use from 1927 on Cape gauge. The first application of these couplers in what is now South Africa was in 1904 by the ultra-progressive Central South African Railways (CSAR) on their rolling stock for the "Limited Expresses" between Johannesburg and Pretoria.[26][27][28][29]
  • Willison from 1973 on 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge in the Cape Province.[24]
  • WABCO N-Type from 1984 on 6M EMU rolling stock. Also used on class 8M EMU rolling stock built from 1988.
  • Scharfenberg from 2012 on Gautrain, from 2016 on new PRASA EM01 commuter stock.

Sudan

Tanzania

  • Norwegian couplers on 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge track[9]
  • AAR couplers on 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge track
  • AAR couplers on 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge track.

Togo

  • Center buffer and side chain couplers
  • Norwegian couplers on Indian Stock

Tunisia

  • English couplers

Uganda

  • narrow gauge : Norwegian couplers
  • standard gauge : AAR couplers.

Asia

Bangladesh

Cambodia

  • English couplers on older stock
  • AAR couplers on newer stock

China

  • AAR couplers on most passenger and freight stock
  • A variation of Shibata couplers between 25T passenger coaches (AAR couplers between Bombardier-built coaches)
  • Scharfenberg couplers on high speed (CRH) and subway trains

Hong Kong

  • BSI couplers on ex-MTR passenger units and maintenance stock
  • Tightlock couplers on ex-KCR passenger units
  • Dellner couplers on light rail stock
  • AAR couplers on freight stock

India

  • English couplers on historic stock
  • AAR couplers on modern stock[32]
  • Norwegian couplers on 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge track[33]
  • ABC couplers on narrow gauge stock
  • Scharfenberg couplers in Suburban EMU and DEMU trains and rapid transit rolling stocks

Indonesia

  • English couplers on 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge historic stock of Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (Dutch East Indies Railway Company)
  • Norwegian couplers on 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge historic stock of The Dutch East Indies National Railway Company and the majority of the Dutch East Indies Private Railway and Tramway Companies
  • AAR couplers and Shibata couplers on modern stock
  • Scharfenberg couplers for the future Jakarta - Bandung high speed rail and Soekarno Hatta Airport skytrain.
  • Shibata couplers (based on Scharfenberg couplers) for Jakarta LRT
  • Dellner coupler for Greater Jakarta LRT

Iran

Iraq

Israel

Japan

  • English couplers on historic stock
  • AAR couplers on locomotives, freight and passenger stock
  • Shibata couplers (based on Scharfenberg couplers) on passenger stock

North Korea

South Korea

Malaysia

  • Norwegian couplers on historic stock
  • AAR couplers on modern stock
  • Scharfenberg couplers on ERL, LRT, MRT and Monorail.

Pakistan

  • English couplers on historic stock
  • AAR couplers on modern stock[32]

Philippines

  • English couplers on Manila Railway Company (MRC) rolling stock, as well as historic Manila Railroad (MRR) stock before 1932.
  • AAR couplers on MRR stock built after 1928 and on all Philippine National Railways narrow-gauge rolling stock.
    • Type E on historic stock and on the PNR 5000 class.
    • Type F interlocking couplers on upcoming PNR narrow-gauge flatcars.[37]
    • Type H tightlock coupling on most PNR rolling stock starting with the 900 class.
  • Link and pin couplers on the Hawaiian Philippine Company of Negros Island.[38] Older Manila Railroad stock also use link and pin alongside English couplers.
  • Scharfenberg couplers on the MRT Line 3.
    • Shibata couplers on high-capacity rapid transit lines and on the North–South Commuter Railway.
    • Type 10 on PNR 8800 class passenger trains for the PNR South Long Haul project.[39]

Russia

Singapore

  • Scharfenberg couplers for the Mass Rapid Transit[40]
  • Bergische Stahl Industrie couplers for Bukit Panjang LRT
  • Compact tight couplers by Japan Steel Works for Sengkang and Punggol LRT[41]

Sri Lanka

Taiwan

  • AAR couplers for TRA rolling stock, including multiple units[42]
  • Shibata couplerx for THSR
  • Tomlinson couplers for heavy-capacity Taipei Metro rolling stock[43]
  • Scharfenberg couplers for all other urban transit systems such as Kaohsiung MRT, Taoyuan Airport MRT, Taichung Metro and medium capacity Taipei Metro rolling stock
  • Link and pin couplers for Alishan Forest Railway and Taiwan Sugar Railways[42]

Thailand

  • AAR couplers on all SRT rolling stock
  • Norwegian couplers on historic stock
  • Scharfenberg couplers on mass-transit trains
  • Wedglock couplers, Ward couplers on London Underground stock
  • Narrow gauge lines use a mixture of couplings.

Turkey

  • English couplers on older stock
  • Scharfenberg couplers on passenger stock
  • Russian couplers (C-AKv) on newer stock

Vietnam

  • AAR couplers on both 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge and 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge rolling stock

Europe

Austria

  • English couplers on standard gauge stock
  • Scharfenberg couplers on passenger units
  • Bosna couplers or Scharfenberg couplers on narrow gauge stock

Belgium

  • GF coupler on most multiple units
  • Henricot semi automatic couplers on some EMU's
  • English couplers on locomotives, passenger carriages and goods waggons
  • Scharfenberg couplers on high speed trains

Finland

  • English couplers (UIC) on passenger cars and most freight cars and on historical locomotives
  • Russian SA3 couplers on Russian cars and some heavy-duty freight cars
  • "Unilink couplers" (SA3 clone with UIC-style screw link) or "Vapiti" (SA3 clone with movable link arm for English couplers) couplers on the majority of locomotives; compatible with SA3 and English (UIC) center hook
  • Scharfenberg couplers (some made by Dellner) on multiple unit passenger stock

France

Germany

  • English couplers on freight and passenger stock
  • Scharfenberg couplers on passenger stock
  • AK69es and C-AKv couplers on unit ore trains
  • AK69e and SA3 couplers mixed in trains via Mukran ferry terminal
  • Scharfenberg or central buffer couplers on narrow gauge stock

Greece

  • English couplers on freight and passenger stock
  • Scharfenberg couplers on passenger stock
  • Center buffer and side chains on narrow gauge stock

Hungary

  • English couplers on freight and passenger stock
  • Scharfenberg couplers on multiple units (in some cases jointly with side buffers)
  • BSI couplers with side buffers on BDVmot electric multiple units
  • Link and pin on narrow gauge stock

Ireland

Italy

Netherlands

Norway

  • English couplers on freight and passenger stock
  • Norwegian couplers on historic stock, narrow gauge only
  • Scharfenberg couplers on passenger stock (multiple units)
  • Russian SA3 couplers on unit ore trains (Ofoten Line)

Poland

  • English couplers on freight and passenger stock
  • Scharfenberg couplers on passenger stock
  • Russian couplers on unit ore trains and Russian interchange stock

Portugal

  • English couplers on freight and loco hauled passenger stock
  • Scharfenberg couplers on multiple unit passenger stock

Romania

  • English couplers on freight and passenger stock
  • Scharfenberg coupler on Siemens Desiro multiple units and some ex-German railbuses
  • Link-and-pin couplers on narrow gauge stock

Russia

Spain

  • English couplers on freight and loco hauled passenger stock
  • Scharfenberg couplers on multiple unit passenger stock
  • AAR couplers on locomotive hauled stock in narrow gauge
  • BSI couplers on multiple unit passenger stock (only in Catalonian Railways: FGC)

Sweden

  • English couplers on freight and passenger stock
  • Scharfenberg couplers on passenger stock
  • Russian couplers on iron ore trains (Iron Ore Line)
  • Variant of Norwegian couplers on historic (museum) narrow-gauge stock

Switzerland

  • English couplers on standard gauge stock
  • GFV, Schwab, Scharfenberg or BSI couplers on passenger units
  • AK69e couplers within BLS EW III sets
  • GF, GFV or center buffer couplers/Balance lever couplings on meter and narrow gauge stock

Ukraine

United Kingdom

  • BSI couplers on most diesel multiple unit types, but also Dellner and Scharfenberg on some more recent types
  • AAR Type H "Tightlock coupling" heads on 1970s to early 2000s electric multiple units
  • Scharfenberg type heads (often Dellner) on most new electric multiple units, with a variety of electrical connection systems
  • English coupler, AAR couplers on some freight stock, most locomotive-hauled passenger stock has a ​2⁄3rd size Janney/Buckeye coupler[citation needed]
  • Wedglock couplers, Ward couplers on London Underground stock
  • Narrow gauge lines use various couplings

Isle of Man

Caribbean

Cuba

  • AAR couplers[7]

Jamaica

  • AAR couplers[7]

Central America

Belize

Costa Rica

El Salvador

Guatemala

Honduras

Nicaragua

Panama

  • AAR couplers—Panama Canal Railway
  • Link, pin and buffer—Panama canal mules [44]

North America

Canada

  • AAR couplers on traditional stock
  • Scharfenberg couplers, Wedglock coupler, H2C couplers on transit stock
  • ​3⁄4 size AAR couplers on the White Pass and Yukon Route

Mexico

United States

  • AAR couplers on mainline freight and passenger stock in the United States and Alaska
  • Link Pin, Miller couplers on historic stock. Converted to AAR couplers 1893~1900 per Safety Appliance Act
  • Older city systems have unique coupler designs for transit stock, e.g. H2C couplers on New York City Subway rolling stock
  • Scharfenberg couplers on newer light rail and transit systems
  • Pin Cup coupler on multiple unit transit stock
  • Russian couplers on industrial and mining Stock

Alaska

  • AAR couplers on mainline freight and passenger stock in Alaska
  • ​3⁄4 size AAR couplers on the White Pass and Yukon Route

Puerto Rico

Oceania

Australia

  • English couplers, Norwegian couplers on historic stock
  • AAR couplers on freight and passenger stock
  • Scharfenberg couplers on passenger stock

New Zealand

South America

Argentina

  • English couplers on 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) and on 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge[7]
  • AAR couplers on 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge[7] and some passenger (FIAT 7131 DMUs) and freight rolling stock on standard and broad gauge.
  • Small knuckle coupler with slot in knuckle for link and pin couplers on 750 mm (2 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
  • Shibata semi-automatic couplers on EMUs made by Toshiba - Marubeni Corp. (1956 D.F. Sarmiento Railway, 1962 General Bartolomé Mitre Railway, 1973 General Urquiza Railway and 1983 General Roca Railway EMUs).
  • Scharfenberg-type semi-automatic couplers (Dellner) on modern EMUs, DMUs and some passenger rolling stock In General San Martín Railway.
  • Bell-and-hook couplers on various narrow-gauge tourist railways (Ferrocarril Pierda Baya,[46] Austral Fueguino Railway and Económico Sud Railway).

Bolivia

Brazil

Chile

  • AAR couplers on 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge[7]
  • English couplers (UIC)in coaches and locomotives bought from Spain
  • Scharfenberg couplers in passenger units bought from Spain

Colombia

Ecuador

Paraguay

  • English couplers[49]

Peru

  • AAR couplers [7]

Suriname

Uruguay

Venezuela

See also

  • Barrier vehicle
  • Jane's World Railways, lists the coupler(s) used on any railway system
  • Rail transport by country

References

  1. ↑ "ABC Couplers". http://www.historywebsite.co.uk/Museum/Transport/Trains/ABC/ABC01.htm. 
  2. ↑ ABC couplers
  3. ↑ DAC
  4. ↑ "Coupler conversion". http://irfca.org/faq/faq-stock2.html. 
  5. ↑ "Centre Buffer Coupler of AAR type". http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/alstomcoaches.html. 
  6. ↑ "Ward coupler". http://www.trainweb.org/tubeprune/coupling.htm. 
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 Jane's World Railways 2002–2003 p5
  8. ↑ "Angola's railways back on track". BBC News. 16 September 2010. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-11295533. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Steam in Africa". http://www.steam.dial.pipex.com/africa.htm. 
  10. ↑ "Rail pictures". http://www.railpictures.net/viewphoto.php?id=136595&skip=1. 
  11. ↑ "Rail pictures". http://www.railpictures.net/viewphoto.php?id=156890&nseq=17. 
  12. ↑ ":: Besco Limited :: Clients". http://www.besco.in/clients.htm. 
  13. ↑ "RailPictures.Net Photo: 3864 Egyptian railways (ENR) EMD G22W-AC at Kafr el Shiekh, Egypt by mohamed". http://www.railpictures.net/viewphoto.php?id=126926&skip=1. 
  14. ↑ "Il Materiale Rotabile". http://www.trainweb.org/eritrean/scrapbook/who/ferrovie-coloniali/ch2-eritrea/carro.html. 
  15. ↑ "The Franco-Ethiopian Railway — Djibouti to Addis-Ababa". http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Gov11_03Rail-t1-body-d9.html. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "trans zambesia locomotive, AEI, malawi locomotive, nigeria locomotive". http://www.derbysulzers.com/nyasaland.html. 
  17. ↑ "IN NORTHERN AFRICA". http://mikes.railhistory.railfan.net/r052.html. 
  18. ↑ "Standard Gauge: Work begins on Ebute Meta ultra-modern railway station – NRC – the Eagle Online". 8 August 2018. https://theeagleonline.com.ng/standard-gauge-work-begins-on-ebute-meta-ultra-modern-railway-station-nrc/. 
  19. ↑ "Nigerian Railway Corporation - Locomotives". http://www.topforge.co.uk/Photographs/NRC.htm. 
  20. ↑ "ABC Couplers". http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/Museum/Transport/Trains/ABC/ABC01.htm. 
  21. ↑ "The Railways of Mali and Senegal 2007". http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/mali01.htm. 
  22. ↑ Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1943). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter I - The Period of the 4 ft. 8½ in. Gauge. South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, June 1943. pp. 437-440.
  23. ↑ Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter III - Natal Government Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, September 1944. p. 669.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Suid-Afrikaanse Vervoerdienste (South African Transport Services) (1983). Passassierswa- en Trokhandboek (Passenger Carriage and Truck Manual), Vol 1, Hoofstukke 1-15 (Chapters 1-15). South African Transport Services, 1983. Chapter 13.
  25. ↑ Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter II - The Cape Government Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, April 1944. pp. 253-257.
  26. ↑ Template:Holland-Vol 2
  27. ↑ South African Railways & Harbours/Suid Afrikaanse Spoorweë en Hawens (15 Aug 1941). Locomotive Diagram Book/Lokomotiefdiagramboek, 2'0" & 3'6" Gauge/Spoorwydte, Steam Locomotives/Stoomlokomotiewe. SAR/SAS Mechanical Department/Werktuigkundige Dept. Drawing Office/Tekenkantoor, Pretoria. pp. 6a-7a, 25.
  28. ↑ At least some versions of the automatic couplers used in South Africa follows the Henricot coupler patent and not the AAR version. The following note is given on drawing CME10719-478/68 "Automatic Coupler, type MS (127 mm x 140 mm)", also referred to as SASKOP (Suid-Afrikaanse Spoorweë Koppelaar - South African Railways Coupler): "The copyright in this drawing vests in "Société Anonyme Usines Emile Henricot of Court-Saint-Étienne", Belgium. The said company is also the owner of the patent in respect of the automatic coupler covered by this drawing."
  29. ↑ Pivnic, Les. "Soul of A Railway, System 7, Natalspruit to Vereeniging – Part 1". https://sites.google.com/site/soulorailway/home/system-7-1/natalspruit-to-vereeniging-part-1-by-les-pivnic. 
  30. ↑ Locopage
  31. ↑ "Tamil Nadu / Tiruchi News : Rs. 80-crore target for railway spares export". The Hindu. 2004-11-11. http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/11/stories/2004111112590600.htm. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Centre Buffer coupler of AAR type". http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/alstomcoaches.html. 
  33. ↑ "[IRFCA Indian Railways FAQ: Rolling Stock – II"]. http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-stock2.html#coupler. 
  34. ↑ Jane's World Railways 1969/1970 pp 594/595
  35. ↑ "Links to information about railways in Iraq". http://www.ajg41.clara.co.uk/iraq/links.html. 
  36. ↑ Railway Gazette International Aug 2008 p517
  37. ↑ Procurement of Eight (8) Units Flats Cars (Re-bid) (Report). Philippine National Railways. 30 June 2021. 
  38. ↑ "Steam Locomotives Operated by Hawaiian-Philippine Company". 13 May 2003. https://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/negros05.htm. 
  39. ↑ 中国首列出口菲律宾动车组亮相 "储能"加"智能" 定义未来城市轨道交通 [China's first EMU exported to the Philippines debuts with "energy storage" and "intelligence" to define future urban rail transit]. MangoTV. Hunan Happy Sunshine Interactive Entertainment Media. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  40. ↑ "Connect and Protect. Coupler and Front End Systems". Voith. https://voith.com/ita-it/1994_e_g1712_en_schaku_verbinden-schuetzen_2016-09.pdf. 
  41. ↑ Aida, Teruyuki; Nishimi, Yusuke; Yamaguchi, Atsunori; Oonuma, Noriaki. "History and Future Prospects of Rolling Stock Parts". Japan Steel Works Industrial Machinery Dept., Hiroshima Plant. https://www.jsw.co.jp/en/product/technology/technical_review/technical_review-3851897704887617981/main/0/link/File172219393.pdf. ""JSW began to consider coupler device for overseas, and delivered our products to Singapore for new transportation systems in 2000."" 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 蘇, 昭旭 (2017). 世界鐵道與火車百科. Taiwan: 人人出版. ISBN 9789864610884. 
  43. ↑ OTIS Wang. "臺北捷運C381型高運量電聯車". https://www.xuehua.tw/2018/08/17/%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97%E6%8D%B7%E9%81%8Bc381%E5%9E%8B%E9%AB%98%E9%81%8B%E9%87%8F%E9%9B%BB%E8%81%AF%E8%BB%8A/. 
  44. ↑ File:08-130 Esclusas de Miraflores (23).jpg
  45. ↑ File:TrenUrbano.jpg
  46. ↑ [Ferrocarril Pierda Baya
  47. ↑ Jane's World Railways 1969/1970 pp 501 thru 504
  48. ↑ Railway Gazette International April 2009, p61
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "trains-worldexpresses.com". http://trains-worldexpresses.com/800/836.htm. 

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