Engineering:Scalar control
Scalar control of an AC electrical motor is a way to achieve the variable speed operation by manipulating the supply voltage or current ("magnitude") and the supply frequency while ignoring the magnetic field orientation inside the motor.[1] Scalar control is based on equations valid for a steady-state operation[2] and is frequently open-loop (no sensing except for the current limiter). The scalar control has been to a large degree replaced in high-performance motors by vector control that enables better handling of the transient processes.[1] Low cost and simplicity keeps the scalar control in the majority of low-performance motors, despite inferiority of its dynamic performance;[3] vector control is expected to become universal in the future.[4]
Types
The variants of the scalar control include open-loop control and closed-loop control.[5]
Open-loop
The most common approach[3] makes the voltage V proportional to frequency f (so called V/f control, V/Hz control, Constant Volts/Hertz, CVH[3]). Advantage of the V/f variant is in keeping the magnetic flux inside the stator constant thus maintaining the motor performance across the range of speeds. A voltage boost at low frequencies is typically employed to compensate for the resistance of the coils.[1][6]
An open-loop V/f control works well in applications with near-constant load torque and gradual changes in rotational speed. The controllers implementing this method are sometimes called general purpose AC drives.[5]
Closed-loop
If sensors are utilized (closed-loop configuration) for better/faster transitional response, the common approach uses a rotational speed sensor (so called closed-loop V/Hz control).[5] The speed error is passed through the proportional-integral controller to create the accumulated slip difference that is combined with the direct reading of the speed sensor into a frequency control signal.[7]
In a torque-control variant (TC, not to be confused with the direct torque control a.k.a. DTC), the motor torque is held constant in the steady-state, this requires a current sensor.[3] Frequency and flux (voltage or current, depending on the type of the drive[8]) control signals are decoupled, with the flux control driven by the flux estimate, and the frequency control driven by the torque estimate and speed sensor data.[9] The increased performance comes at the cost of additional complexity and associated potential stability issues.[10]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Finch & Giaouris 2008, p. 483.
- ↑ Buja & Kazmierkowski 2004, p. 744.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trzynadlowski 2013, p. 43.
- ↑ Bose 2009, p. 11.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Chan & Shi 2011, p. 3.
- ↑ Bose 2002, p. 340.
- ↑ Bose 2002, pp. 342-344.
- ↑ With the current feedback in place, the motor can be driven using either a voltage-fed inverter or a current-fed inverter.
- ↑ Bose 2002, pp. 345-346.
- ↑ Bose 2002, p. 345.
Sources
- Finch, John W.; Giaouris, Damian (2008). "Controlled AC Electrical Drives". IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)) 55 (2): 481–491. doi:10.1109/tie.2007.911209. ISSN 0278-0046. https://eprints.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/76397/769727EB-8AC3-4F66-9F78-974A2B1D5700.pdf.
- Buja, G.S.; Kazmierkowski, M.P. (2004). "Direct Torque Control of PWM Inverter-Fed AC Motors—A Survey". IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)) 51 (4): 744–757. doi:10.1109/tie.2004.831717. ISSN 0278-0046.
- Trzynadlowski, A.M. (2013). "Scalar Control of Induction Motors". The Field Orientation Principle in Control of Induction Motors. Power Electronics and Power Systems. Springer US. ISBN 978-1-4615-2730-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=bZ0MBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
- Chan, T.F.; Shi, K. (2011). "Scalar Control". Applied Intelligent Control of Induction Motor Drives. IEEE Press. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-82828-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=alORU2FNvowC&pg=PA3. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
- Bose, B.K. (2002). Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives. Eastern Economy Edition. Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 978-0-13-016743-9. https://eee.sairam.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2019/07/Modern_power_electronics_and_AC_drives.pdf. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
- Bose, Bimal (2009). "The past, present, and future of power electronics [Guest Introduction]". IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)) 3 (2): 7–11, 14. doi:10.1109/mie.2009.932709. ISSN 1932-4529.
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