Engineering:Terminal capabilities

In computing and telecommunications, the capabilities of a terminal are various terminal features, above and beyond what is available from a pure teletypewriter, that host systems (and the programs that run on them) can make use of. They are (mainly) of control codes and escape codes that can be sent to or received from the terminal. The escape codes sent to the terminal perform various functions that a CRT terminal (and software terminal emulators) is capable of, but that a teletypewriter is not; such as moving the terminal's cursor to positions on the screen, clearing and scrolling all or parts of the screen, turning on and off attached printer devices, programming programmable function keys, changing display colours and attributes (such as reverse video), and setting display title strings. The escape codes received from the terminal signify things such as function key, arrow key, and other special key (home key, end key, help key, PgUp key, PgDn key, insert key, delete key, and so forth) keystrokes.

Unix and POSIX: termcap, terminfo, et al.

In Unix and other POSIX-compliant systems that support the POSIX terminal interface, these capabilities are encoded in databases that are configured by a system administrator and accessed from programs via the terminfo library (which supersedes the older termcap library), upon which in turn are built libraries such as the curses and ncurses libraries, by which applications programs use the terminal capabilities to provide textual user interfaces with windows, dialogue boxes, buttons, labels, input fields, menus, and so forth. The intention is that this allows applications programs to be independent of actual terminal characteristics. They don't need to hardwire any control codes or escape sequences into their code, and so don't have problems being used on a range of terminals with a range of capabilities.

termcap

The termcap (for "terminal capabilities") library was developed for BSD systems. It uses a database stored in the file /etc/termcap. This database consists of a series of records (each of which consists of one or more lines in the file, joined by backslash characters at the ends of each line that continues onto a following one) each of which represents the capabilities of a particular terminal. The fields of the record comprise the terminal type name, or names, followed by a sequence of capabilities, separated by colons. The capability fields themselves fall into three groups:

characteristics of the terminal

These comprise such things as the (nominal) number of rows and columns the terminal's display has, whether output automatically wraps onto the next line when it reaches the end of a line, and so forth.

control sequences sent as output to the terminal

These comprise the control codes and escape sequences sent to the terminal in order for it to perform some action (not necessarily a display action). An example of one of the simplest is the output sequence to clear the screen, which may be the form feed (ASCII FF) character on some types of terminal but may, say, be the escape sequence ␛2J on a terminal that requires ANSI escape sequences.

control sequences sent as input by the terminal

These comprise the control codes and escape sequences that the terminal sends to the host to represent various actions and events, such as function keys and arrow keys being pressed.

terminfo

The terminfo ("terminal information") library was developed for System V systems. It uses a database stored in multiple files within a directory, which can be variously (on different Unices and POSIX-compatible systems) /usr/lib/terminfo, /usr/share/terminfo, or even /usr/share/lib/terminfo. (Its location isn't even uniform across different distributions of Linux.)

Unlike the termcap database, the terminfo database is compiled, a machine-readable database that is constructed from a human-readable source file format by a utility program, tic. They can be decompiled from machine-readable form back to human-readable form by another utility program, infocmp. The command to output the human-readable form of the "vt100" terminal definition, for example, is:

infocmp vt100

The use of a machine-readable format was to avoid the unnecessary overhead, in applications programs using systems such as the termcap library, of repeatedly parsing the database content to read the fields of a record. The use of multiple files was to avoid the similar overhead of parsing the database content to find the database record for the target terminal type. The terminal type name index is, effectively, the Unix/POSIX filesystem's ordinary directory structure. Originally, Unix had severe performance problems with large directories containing many files, and thus terminfo uses a two-level structure, dividing up the directory entries by first letter into a series of subdirectories. More recent filesystem formats used on Unix systems don't suffer as much from such problems (because their on-disc directory structures are no longer simple arrays of entries, but are organized into trees or hash tables) and so the necessity for this design element, that still exists in modern terminfo implementations, has since disappeared.

Utility programs to exercise terminal capabilities

On Unix systems, the tput command is used to look up a specific capability in the system's database, and output it to the command's standard output (which is, presumably, the terminal by which the function denoted by the capability is to be performed). One of the simplest operations is clearing the screen. The name of the database field that stores the output sequence for this is clear, so the command arguments to the tput program to clear the screen are

tput clear

Another operation is initializing or resetting the terminal to a known default state (of character attributes, fonts, colours, and so forth). The commands for this are:

tput init

and

tput reset

Normally the tput command uses the terminal type specified by the TERM environment variable, one of the controlling environment variables of the POSIX terminal interface. This can be overridden, however, to force tput to look up a different terminal type in the database, with a command-line option to the command. So, for example, to issue the reset sequence appropriate for the type of terminal named "vt100" in the database (usually a DEC VT100 terminal), irrespective of terminal type specified in environment variables, the command is:

tput -T vt100 reset

References

Sources used

• Afzal, Amir (2008). UNIX unbounded: a beginning approach (5th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-119449-6. 
• Blum, Richard (2008). Linux Command Line and Shell Scripting Bible. Bible Series. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-25128-7. https://archive.org/details/linuxcommandline00blum_0. 
• Coffin, Stephen (1991). UNIX system V release 4: the complete reference. Osborne McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-881653-6. https://archive.org/details/unixsystemvrelea00coff. 
• Frisch, Æleen (2002). Essential system administration. A nutshell handbook (3rd ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-596-00343-2. https://archive.org/details/essentialsystema00fris_0. 
• Kumar, Sudhir (2004). Encyclopaedia of Operating System. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN 978-81-261-1792-5. 
• Raymond, Eric S. (2004). The art of Unix programming. Addison-Wesley professional computing series. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-13-142901-7. https://archive.org/details/The_Art_of_UNIX_Programming. 
• Winsor, Janice (2001). Solaris 8 Advanced System Administrator's Guide (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 978-0-13-027703-9. 

Further reading

• Strang, John; Mui, Linda; O'Reilly, Tim (1991). Termcap and terminfo. Nutshell handbook (3rd ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-937175-22-4.