Engineering:Tympanum (architecture)
A tympanum (pl.: tympana; from Greek and Latin words meaning "drum") is the semi-circular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, door or window, which is bounded by a lintel and an arch.[1] It often contains pedimental sculpture or other imagery or ornaments.[2] Many architectural styles include this element.[3]
Alternatively, the tympanum may hold an inscription, or in modern times, a clock face.
History
In ancient Greek, Roman and Christian architecture, tympana of religious buildings often contain pedimental sculpture or mosaics with religious imagery.[4] A tympanum over a doorway is very often the most important, or only, location for monumental sculpture on the outside of a building. In classical architecture, and in classicising styles from the Renaissance onwards, major examples are usually triangular; in Romanesque architecture, tympana more often has a semi-circular shape, or that of a thinner slice from the top of a circle, and in Gothic architecture they have a more vertical shape, coming to a point at the top. These shapes naturally influence the typical compositions of any sculpture within the tympanum.
The upper portion of a gable when enclosed with a horizontal belt course, is also termed a tympanum.[5]
Bands of molding surrounding the tympanum are referred to as the archivolt.[6]
In medieval French architecture the tympanum is often supported by a decorated pillar called a trumeau.
Gallery
Baroque tympanum in the Queen's Bedroom in the Louvre Palace, Paris, by Michel Anguier and Pietro Sasso, with a painting of Judith and Holophernes, by Giovanni Francesco Romanelli, 1655[7]
Ex Nihilo (Out of Nothing) by Frederick Hart, tympanum over center doors, Washington National Cathedral, US
Tympanum of Kumari-ghar at Basantapur Durbar Square, Kathmandu
Archivolts surrounding a tympanum of the west façade, Strasbourg Cathedral, France
The three tympana on the main façade of Notre-Dame de Paris, France
Sculpted tympanum in Stralsund, Germany
Adoration of the Magi on a tympanum on Saint-Thiébaut Church, Thann, France
Religious scene in a tympanum, Church San Lorenzo, Vicenza, Italy
Scenes of the lives of Saint Peter and Mary, St Peter's, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
High-relief bronze tympanum of Writing, Thomas Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C., US
Tympanum (showing the tree of life) and archivolt at Church of St Mary and St David, Kilpeck, Herefordshire, England
Tympanum showing Christ in Majesty with four attendant angels, Rowlestone, Herefordshire, England
Tympanum of the Manila Cathedral in Intramuros, Philippines
Tympanum of the church of the Sacred Heart, Templemore, Ireland
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See also
Citations
- ↑ "Glossary - Tympanum". Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php.
- ↑ "Glossary of Medieval Art and Architecture - tympanum". University of Pittsburgh. http://www.pitt.edu/~medart/menuglossary/tympanum.htm.
- ↑ "Illustrated Architecture Dictionary - Tympanum". www.buffaloah.com. http://www.buffaloah.com/a/DCTNRY/t/tym.html.
- ↑ "Tympanum". www.OntarioArchitecture.com. http://www.ontarioarchitecture.com/tympanum.htm.
- ↑
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Tympanon". Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 498.
- ↑ "Glossary of Medieval Art and Architecture - archivolt". University of Pittsburgh. http://www.pitt.edu/~medart/menuglossary/archivolt.htm.
- ↑ Bresc-Bautier, Geneviève (2008) (in en). The Louvre, a Tale of a Palace. Musée du Louvre Éditions. p. 56. ISBN 978-2-7572-0177-0.
External links
- Sculpted tympanums Chartres Cathedral, West Front, Central Portal
- Tympanum of the last Judgment - western portal of the abbey-church of Saint Foy
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