Engineering:Type 81 assault rifle

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Short description: Assault rifle
Type 81
Type 81 assault rifle 20220203.jpg
Type 81 on display
TypeAssault rifle
Place of originChina
Service history
In service1983–present
Used bySee Users
WarsSino-Vietnamese conflicts
Cambodian–Vietnamese War
Soviet–Afghan War
Iran-Iraq War[citation needed]
Sri Lankan Civil War
Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
Kargil war
Boko Haram insurgency
Persian Gulf War
Baren Township conflict
Croatian War of Independence
Bosnian War
Kosovo War
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
Syrian Civil War
Internal conflict in Myanmar
Production history
DesignerNorinco
Designed1971-1981
ManufacturerManufactured by:

Licensed by:

  • Bangladesh Ordnance Factories
Produced1983
No. built~400,000 (Type 81)[1]
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications
Mass3.4 kg (7.50 lb) (empty)
4.5 kg (9.92 lb) (loaded)
Length955 mm (37.6 in)
785 mm (30.9 in) (stock folded)
Barrel length445 mm (17.5 in)
Cartridge7.62×39mm
ActionShort stroke gas piston, rotating bolt
Rate of fire700–720 rounds/min
Muzzle velocity750 m/s (2,461 ft/s)
Effective firing range400 m (1,300 ft)
Maximum firing range2,000 m (6,600 ft)+
Feed system30-round detachable box magazine (20 rounds for CS/LR14), 75-round detachable drum magazine
SightsAdjustable iron sights

The Type 81 (Chinese: 81式自动步枪; literally; "Type 81 Automatic Rifle") is a Chinese-designed selective-fire, gas-operated 7.62×39mm assault rifle based on Kalashnikov and SKS actions adopted by the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and has been in service since the mid-1980s.

It is a small arms family that consist of the Type 81, the Type 81-1 and the Type 81 LMG.[2]

History

The PLA's first attempt to replace their aging SKS and Type 56 assault rifle (a Chinese license produced AK-47) was the Type 63 assault rifle.[3] This weapon, however, ended in failure due to a variety of issues resulting in a switch back to the weapons it intended to replace. The beginning of the Sino-Vietnamese border conflicts showed the PLA that their SKS and Type 56s were not as effective as they thought, causing their small arms development program to spring back to life.[3]

The weapon was introduced into PLA service in 1981 but did not become widely distributed until the late 1980s. It replaced the SKS,[4] the Type 56 and the RPD, succeeding where the Type 63 failed. Its first combat use came during the latter part of the Sino-Vietnamese border conflicts of the mid-1980s.[5] The PLA has replaced most of its Type 81s with the Type 95 or Type 03 series of weapons, though it is still in service in the reserves and armed police.

An improved version is used by the Bangladesh Army under the designation BD-08.[6]

Design

The Type 81 incorporates elements of the Dragunov, SKS, and AK series of rifles. The design criteria it met included accuracy of 1.78 in (4.5 cm) R50, 50% of the hits within a 1.78 in (4.5 cm) diameter at 100 m (330 ft); improved controllability in full-automatic; the same reliability of the AK but a longer service life to approximately 20,000 rounds; and the ability to use AK and SKS production tooling at the time.[7] Development was placed under Wang Zi Jun after the end of the Sino-Vietnamese border clashes in 1979.[5]

The rifle retains the general layout of the Chinese Type 56, but it has an SKS-like short-stroke gas-piston design and other improvements to reduce recoil and muzzle jump, giving better firing accuracy. Notable physical differences from the Type 56 include the stock of the rifle, the length of the action, bayonet, and the positioning of the front sight.[8] The most easily distinguishable feature of the Type 81 is the more exposed muzzle part of the barrel. The front sight has been moved back as a modification to be able to fire 22mm rifle grenades, which are slid over the unobstructed barrel muzzle now formed into a spigot-type rifle grenade launcher.[8]

There is a significant gap between the trigger guard and the magazine on Type 81 rifles, while on the Type 56 rifle series the magazine is adjacent to the front of the trigger guard.

The non-detachable swing-out spike-shaped bayonet of the Type 56 rifle was also replaced on Type 81 rifles with the detachable Type 81 knife-bayonet.[9]

Like its predecessors, the Type 81 is a series of weapons. The Type 81 (fixed stock) and Type 81-1 (folding stock) are 7.62×39mm caliber assault rifles with 30-round magazines, and the heavier Type 81 light machine gun (LMG) fitted with a 75-round drum magazine is used in the squad automatic weapon (SAW) role.[8] Its sight remains at the front of the LMG barrel.

The Type 81 can be fitted with a Picatinny rail, bipod, foregrip, and flashlight.[10] One such attempt to market Picatinny rails for the Type 81 came from Bao Wa, a Hong Kong-based law enforcement supplier.[11]

Variants

Type 81-1 rifle with the side-folding stock
Type-81 light machine gun
  • Type 81: 7.62×39mm rifle with a fixed wooden buttstock.[12] 400,000 were produced before it was replaced by the Type 81-1.[1]
  • Type 81-1: 7.62×39mm rifle with a foldable buttstock.[12] Originally intended for paratrooper use, the Type 81-1 replaced the Type 81 with its fixed wooden buttstock as the standard issue rifle for the PLA.[1][13]
  • Type 81 LMG: 7.62×39mm squad machine gun[1] similar to the RPK.
  • Type 81 MGS or [Type 81SA "LMG version"]: Semi-automatic only version of the Type 81 LMG. Also known as the Type 81SA "LMG version" in Canada.
  • Type 81S: Early semi-automatic only model intended for the (civilian) U.S. market.[2] Only 20 were imported in January 1989 before further importation was blocked by executive order.
  • EM356: 5.56×45mm variant of the Type 81S, intended for the (civilian) U.S. market.[13] Only 3 Tool room prototypes were completed and imported for the 1989 SHOT show before importation was banned along with the Type 81S by executive order.[14] No magazines were ever made for them so modified 5.56×45mm AK magazines must be used instead.[14]
  • T81SA: Semi-automatic variant in 7.62×39mm. for sale in Canada by Tactical Imports.[15]
    • T81-1SA: Same as above, but with folding buttstock.
  • Type 87: Served as a development platform for the next generation of PLA small arms, being used as a test-bed for the then new 5.8×42mm DBP87 ammunition.[13] The rifle has plastic furniture and an L-shaped folding stock.[13] It never went into full-scale production but has been in service with PLA special forces.[1] Design was finalized in 1987.[16]
  • Type 87-1: Prototype assault rifle used to develop and test 5.8×42mm DBP87 cartridge.[2]
  • Type 81 Tactical: Tactical variant used by the PAP with picatinny rails.[10]
  • CS/LR14: 7.62×51mm battle rifle.[17] Newest tactical upgrade with modifications, such as tactical rails, foregrip, additional mountings, etc.[17]
    • NAR-10: Tactical variant made for export.[18]
  • NR-81S: Semi-automatic made primarily for the European and Canadian markets.
  • Type 81A: Upgraded variant with new stock and Picatinny rails shown at the 2018 Zhuhai Airshow.
  • Type 81 SR: semi-automatic only sold in Canada to date, with heavy profile, long barrel, SVD-style stock, and lighter pull trigger.[19]

Foreign variants

BD-08 assault rifle with collimator sight

 Bangladesh

  • BD-08/BD-15: The BD-08 assault rifle, and BD-15 light machine gun have been made under licence by the Bangladesh Ordnance Factories since 2008.[20][21] BOF produce more than 10,000 BD-08 rifles per year.[6] It has less recoil than the standard Type 81.[22] It's the standard assault rifle of the Bangladesh Army.[23]

 Myanmar

  • Kachin Independence Army flag.svg Kachin Independence Army produced Type 81 variants dubbed the M23.[24][25] It uses polymer furniture with a Sun motif. Not much is known about their manufacturing details due to their clandestine origins. Reported to sometimes suffer from reliability problems.[24]
    • Kachin K09: Comes with black/plum polymer furniture.
    • Kachin K010: Comes with green polymer furniture.
    • Kachin K011: Dedicated indigenous 45mm rifle grenade launcher variant.
  • Type 81s made by the United Wa State Army.[26]

Users

A map with users of the Type 81 assault rifle in blue
  •  Bangladesh: The BD-08 assault rifle and BD-15 light machine gun . BD-08 is the current service rifle of the Bangladesh Army.
  •  China: The Type 81 is still used by second-line units.[27]
  •  Gabon[28]
  •  Guinea: Used by the Guinean Army and Navy[29]
  •  Iraq: Used by Iraqi Police.[30][31]
  •  Ivory Coast[32]
  •  Kyrgyzstan[33]
  •  Myanmar[34]
  •  Niger[35] - Niger Armed Forces also use Type 81 machine guns.[36]
  •  Nigeria: Produced under license by the Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria[37]
  •  Pakistan[38]
  •  Sri Lanka[39]
  •  Sudan[40]
  •  Tajikistan: Equipped with Type 81s since 2014.[41][31]
  •  Uganda[42]

Non-state actors

Variant of Type 81 assault rifle made by the Kachin Independence Army in Kachin State, Myanmar.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Miller, David (2003). The illustrated directory of twentieth century guns. Zenith Imprint. pp. 278–279. ISBN 978-0-7603-1560-6. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Type 81". 27 October 2010. https://modernfirearms.net/en/assault-rifles/china-assault-rifles/type-81-eng/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Chinese Type 81 Rifle". http://gunsandammomag.com/long_guns/chinese81_040207/. 
  4. ↑ The SKS Is the Cockroach of Weapons-You just can’t kill Sergei Simonov’s old, reliable, semi-automatic carbine (Archive)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Chinese Type 81 Rifle". http://www.gunsandammomag.com/long_guns/chinese81_040207/index1.html. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "- - বাংলাদেশ সমরাস্ত্র কারখানা-". Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230213095024/http://www.bof.gov.bd/site/page/29312da4-0a1e-41e0-95bf-5850b5c5d802/-. 
  7. ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.redstararms.com/type81.pdf. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Cutshaw, Charles Q. (28 February 2011). Tactical Small Arms of the 21st Century: A Complete Guide to Small Arms From Around the World. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. pp. 192–193. ISBN 978-1-4402-2709-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=55szjc6g520C&pg=PA193. Retrieved 27 July 2013. 
  9. ↑ "Bayonets of China". http://worldbayonets.com/Bayonet_Identification_Guide/China/China_2.html. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Johnson, Steve (2012-07-25). "Chinese People's Armed Police Tacti-cool Type 81 Upgrade". The Firearm Blog. http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2012/07/25/chinese-peoples-armed-police-tacti-cool-type-81-upgrade/. Retrieved 2016-04-11. 
  11. ↑ "Chinese Type 81 Rifle". http://www.gunsandammomag.com/long_guns/chinese81_040207/index2.html. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2003-07-22/138626.html
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 "Gun Review: The Chinese Type 81". 2 March 2015. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230314034720/https://www.tactical-life.com/firearms/chinese-type-81/. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2016/05/20/chinese-type-81-rifle/
  15. ↑ "EMEI/7.62mm Semi-Automatic Rifle Model T81SA". http://www.emfirearms.com/production/3/2014/0811/132.html. 
  16. ↑ "87式突击步枪 ——〖枪炮世界〗". Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230421151807/http://pewpewpew.work/china/rifle/1987/87.htm. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "New Chinese CS/LR14 7.62x51mm Automatic Rifle -The Firearm Blog". 21 May 2014. https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2014/05/21/chinese-cslr14-7-62x51mm-automatic-rifle/. 
  18. ↑ https://modernfirearms.net/en/assault-rifles/china-assault-rifles/nar-10-cslr-14-eng/
  19. ↑ https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2022/10/17/potd-type-81-sr/
  20. ↑ "MAGAZINE PRODUCTION LINE". Bangladesh Ordnance Factory. 30 July 2020. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230402004336/http://bof.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bof.portal.gov.bd/page/e8df0b2b_4e80_45ef_950f_713833c60426/2020-07-30-15-17-bf45b2f38b45a6279af0b6c148edb25c.pdf. 
  21. ↑ "INVITATION FOR EXPRESSION OF INTEREST (EOI)". Bangladesh Ordnance Factory. 2019. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230403205724/https://bof.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bof.portal.gov.bd/publications/cd953a95_2d55_435a_9bab_7d70bed0c70e/projects2019.pdf. 
  22. ↑ "Weapons: China Exports Its Radical New Assault Rifle". http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htweap/articles/20090228.aspx?comments=Y. 
  23. ↑ "Bangladeshi Soldiers Are Issued A Unique Assault Rifle". March 2018. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230511091153/https://21stcenturyasianarmsrace.com/2018/03/01/bangladeshi-soldiers-are-issued-a-unique-assault-rifle/. Retrieved 28 Jul 2020. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "The Long War Pt. 4; the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) - Military History - Military Matters". 30 November 2020. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20230321161840/https://militarymatters.online/military-history/kachin-independence-army/. 
  25. ↑ https://thediplomat.com/2023/10/an-inside-look-at-myanmar-resistance-groups-weapons-manufacturing-factories/
  26. ↑ "Border Wars: The Type 81 Variants of the United Wa State Army -". 14 September 2018. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20220326072116/https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2018/09/14/border-wars-the-type-81-variants-of-the-united-wa-state-army/. 
  27. ↑ Lai, Benjamin (20 Nov 2012). The Chinese People's Liberation Army since 1949: Ground Forces. Elite 194. p. 62. ISBN 9781780960562. https://books.google.com/books?id=Y06bCwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2 September 2018. 
  28. ↑ Cpl. Alexander Mitchell (2016-11-24). "Gabon, U.S. train to fight illicit activity". Defande Video Imagery Distribution System. https://www.dvidshub.net/image/3089764/gabon-us-train-fight-illicit-activity. Retrieved 2017-01-27. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "81式枪族". 2005-11-04. http://www.firearmsworld.net/china/rifle/1981/81.htm. Retrieved 2016-10-19. 
  30. ↑ eastday.com (2016-04-26). "81式自动步枪的同门兄弟——1981年式7.62毫米班用机枪". http://wap.eastday.com/node2/node3/n403/u1ai597257_t71.html. Retrieved 2016-10-19. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 V, Miles (2017-02-28). "Chinese Type 81 in Baghdad". The Firearm Blog. http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/02/28/chinese-type-81-baghdad/. Retrieved 2018-06-12. 
  32. ↑ Anders, Holger (June 2014) (in fr). Identifier les sources d'approvisionnement: Les munitions de petit calibre en Côte d'Ivoire. Small Arms Survey and United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire. p. 15. ISBN 978-2-940-548-05-7. http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/C-Special-reports/SAS-SR21-CotedIvoire-FR.pdf. Retrieved 5 September 2018. 
  33. ↑ "永远的81杠！ 这是中国口碑最好的步枪美军抢着用黑叔叔都说好". http://wap.eastday.com/node2/node3/n403/u1ai597773_t72.html. Retrieved 2016-10-19. 
  34. ↑ Jones, Richard D. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010. Jane's Information Group; 35th edition (27 January 2009). ISBN:978-0-7106-2869-5.
  35. ↑ "Type 81". https://salw-guide.bicc.de/en/weapon/view/103/norinco-type-81. 
  36. ↑ Savannah de Tessières (January 2018) (in en). At the Crossroads of Sahelian Conflicts: Insecurity, Terrorism, and Arms Trafficking in Niger (Report). Small Arms Survey. p. 55. ISBN 978-2-940548-48-4. Archived on 12 June 2018. Error: If you specify |archivedate=, you must also specify |archiveurl=. http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/U-Reports/SAS-SANA-Report-Niger.pdf. Retrieved 5 June 2018. 
  37. ↑ Okoroafor, Cynthia (2015-08-27). "You probably didn't know that Nigeria already manufactures these weapons". Ventures. http://venturesafrica.com/you-probably-didnt-know-that-nigeria-already-manufactures-these-weapons/. Retrieved 2017-01-24. 
  38. ↑ Moss, Matthew (2020-07-15). "Meet The Type 81 Rifle, China's Best Shot At Improving The AK-47" (in en). Archived from the original. Error: If you specify |archiveurl=, you must also specify |archivedate=. https://web.archive.org/web/20221205085744/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/meet-type-81-rifle-chinas-best-shot-improving-ak-47-164791. 
  39. ↑ Moss, Matthew (2017-04-25). "China Spent Decades Trying to Build a Better AK-47". War is Boring. https://warisboring.com/china-spent-decades-trying-to-build-a-better-ak-47/. Retrieved 2018-06-12. 
  40. ↑ Yan, Timothy G. (2014-03-24). "Sudanese Future Soldier System". The Firearm Blog. http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2014/03/24/sudanese-future-soldier-system/. Retrieved 2016-04-11. 
  41. ↑ "Why Is The Tajikistan Army Using Chinese-made Weapons? | 21st Century Asian Arms Race". 10 June 2015. https://21stcenturyasianarmsrace.com/2015/06/11/tajikistan-army-is-now-using-chinese-made-weapons/. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Small Arms Survey (2006). "Fuelling Fear: The Lord's Resistance Army and Small Arms". Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business. Oxford University Press. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-19-929848-8. http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2006/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2006-Chapter-11-EN.pdf. Retrieved 29 August 2018. 
  43. ↑ Conflict Armament Research. "Weapons of the Islamic State". http://www.conflictarm.com/download-file/?report_id=2568&file_id=2574. Retrieved 2018-01-09. 
  44. ↑ Miles V. (2018-04-19). "Chinese Type 81 LMGs Found with Amphetamine Filled Packets in Mosul". The Firearms Blog. http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2018/04/19/chinese-type-81-lmgs-found-with-amphetamine-filled-packets-in-mosul/. Retrieved 2018-06-12. 
  45. ↑ Miles V. (2013-01-13). "Mystery rifle grenade launcher in Burma". The Firearms Blog. http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2013/01/24/mystery-rifle-grenade-launcher-in-burma/. Retrieved 2018-06-12. 
  46. ↑ "United Wa State Army military parade showcases ongoing modernisation". Janes. 2019-04-23. Archived from the original on 2021-02-15. https://archive.today/20210215023458/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/united-wa-state-army-military-parade-showcases-ongoing-modernisation. Retrieved 2021-02-15. 
  47. ↑ K Anurag in Guwahati (2013-09-24). "ULFA ultra killed in encounter, huge cache of arms recovered". Rediff News. http://www.rediff.com/news/report/ulfa-ultra-killed-in-encounter-huge-cache-of-arms-recovered/20130924.htm. Retrieved 2018-06-06. 
  48. ↑ security-risks.com (2015-04-27). "'United National Liberation Front of West South East Asia' Formed". Kangla Online. http://kanglaonline.com/2015/04/united-national-liberation-front-of-west-south-east-asia-formed/. Retrieved 2018-06-06. 
  49. ↑ https://bnnbreaking.com/watch-now/people-defense-forces-aka-pdf-opened-fire-while-on-drive-and-indulged-in-shooting-on-tatmadaw-points-in-sagaing-in-myanmar/

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