Engineering:Yari

Short description: Japanese straight-headed spear

Yari (槍)
forged by Echizen Kanenori, 17th century, Edo period (left), forged by Tachibana no Terumasa, 1686, Edo period (middle), and forged by Kanabo Hyoeno jo Masasada, 16th century, Muromachi period (right).
Type	Spear
Place of origin	Japan
Production history
Produced	Nara period (710–794) for Hoko yari, Muromachi period (1333–1568) for Yari, since 1334
Specifications
Mass	1.27 kg (2.8 lb)
Length	1–6 m (3 ft 3 in–19 ft 8 in)
Blade length	15–60 cm (5.9–23.6 in)
Blade type	multiple blade shapes
Hilt type	Wood, horn, lacquer
Scabbard/sheath	Lacquered wood

Three (, , and ) mounted in , including one with an asymmetrical crossbar ()

Yari (槍) is the term for a traditionally-made Japanese blade (日本刀; nihontō) in the form of a spear, or more specifically, the straight-headed spear. The martial art of wielding the is called .

History

Ukiyo-e print of a samurai general holding a in his right hand

The forerunner of the is thought to be a derived from a Chinese spear. These are thought to be from the Nara period (710–794).

The term appeared for the first time in written sources in 1334, but this type of spear did not become popular until the late 15th century. The original warfare of the was not a thing for commoners; it was a ritualized combat usually between two warriors who would challenge each other via horseback archery. In the late Heian period, battles on foot began to increase and , a polearm, became a main weapon along with a yumi (longbow).

The attempted Mongol invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281 was one of the factors that changed Japanese weaponry and warfare. The Mongols employed Chinese and Korean footmen wielding long pikes and fought in tight formations. They moved in large units to stave off cavalry. Polearms (including and ) were of much greater military use than swords, due to their significantly longer reach, lighter weight per unit length (though overall a polearm would be fairly hefty), and their great piercing ability.

In the Nanbokuchō period, battles on foot by groups became the mainstream and the importance of further increased, but were not yet the main weapon. However, after the Onin War in 15th century in the Muromachi period, large-scale group battles started in which mobilized (foot troops) fought on foot and in close quarters, and yari, (longbow) and (Japanese matchlock) became the main weapons. This made and obsolete on the battlefield, and they were often replaced with and short, lightweight .

Around the latter half of the 16th century, holding pikes () with length of 4.5 to 6.5 m (15 to 21 ft) became the main forces in armies. They formed lines, combined with soldiers bearing firearms tanegashima and short spears. Pikemen formed a two- or three-row line, and were trained to move their pikes in unison under command. Not only but also samurai fought on the battlefield with yari as one of their main weapons. For example, Honda Tadakatsu was famous as a master of one of The Three Great Spears of Japan, the Tonbokiri (蜻蛉切). One of The Three Great Spears of Japan, the Nihongō (:ja:日本号) was treasured as a gift, and its ownership changed to Emperor Ogimachi, Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki, Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Fukushima Masanori, and so on, and has been handed down to the present day.

With the coming of the Edo period the had fallen into disuse. Greater emphasis was placed on small-scale, close quarters combat, so the convenience of swords led to their dominance, and polearms and archery lost their practical value. During the peaceful Edo period, were still produced (sometimes even by renowned swordsmiths), although they existed mostly as either a ceremonial weapon or as a police weapon.

Description

(large spear), Tokyo national museum.

were characterized by a straight blade that could be anywhere from several centimeters to 3 feet (0.91 m) or more in length. The blades were made of the same steel () from which traditional Japanese swords and arrowheads were forged, and were very durable. Throughout history many variations of the straight blade were produced, often with protrusions on a central blade. blades often had an extremely long tang (; 中心); typically it would be longer than the sharpened portion of the blade. The tang protruded into a reinforced hollow portion of the handle ( or ) resulting in a very stiff shaft making it nearly impossible for the blade to fall or break off.

The shaft ( or ) came in many different lengths, widths, and shapes; made of hardwood and covered in lacquered bamboo strips, these came in oval, round, or polygonal cross section. These in turn were often wrapped in metal rings or wire (), and affixed with a metal pommel (; 石突) on the butt end. shafts were often decorated with inlays of metal or semiprecious materials such as brass pins, lacquer, or flakes of pearl. A sheath (; 鞘) was also part of a complete .

Variations of blades

Straight (), detail view; blade is about 1 (approx. 30 cm (12 in) in length)

Various types of points or blades existed. The most common blade was a straight, flat design that resembles a straight-bladed double edged dagger. This type of blade could cut as well as stab and was sharpened like a razor edge. Though is a catchall term for 'spear', it is usually distinguished between , which have additional horizontal blades, and simple () or straight spears. can also be distinguished by the types of blade cross section: the triangular sections were called and the diamond sections were called .

• have a point that resembles a narrow spike with a triangular cross-section. A therefore had no cutting edge, only a sharp point at the end. The was therefore best suited for penetrating armor, even armor made of metal, which a standard yari was not as suited to. There are two types of : , blades with a triangular, equilateral cross section, and , with a triangular, isosceles-shaped cross section.
• , a blade with a diamond shaped cross section.
• were mounted to a shaft by means of a metal socket instead of a tang. The socket and blade are forged from a single piece.
• were one of the rarest types of , possessing only a single edge. This created a weapon that could be used for hacking and closely resembled a . are the only which use a .
• had a very broad, "spade-shaped" head. often had a pair of holes centering the two ovoid halves.

spearhead with metal collar; note the long tang, approx. equal to the blade-length

• , also called , looked something similar to a trident or partisan, and brandishing two curved side blades pointing upward. It is occasionally referred to as in modern weaponry texts.
  • , a with one side blade pointing downward and one side blade pointing upward.
  • , a with the two side blades pointing downward.
  • , a with the two side blades resembling a pair of buffalo horns.
• gets its name from a peasant weapon called (lit. "sickle" or "scythe").

spearhead owned by Kato Kiyomasa. Muromachi period, 16th century, Tokyo National Museum

• had a weapon design sporting a blade that was two-pronged. Instead of being constructed like a military fork, a straight blade (as in ) was intersected just below its midsection by a perpendicular blade. This blade was slightly shorter than the primary, had curved tips making a parallelogram, and was set off center so that only 1/6 of its length extended on the other side. This formed a rough 'L' shape.
• barely looked like a spear at all. A polearm that had a crescent blade for a spearhead, which could be used for slashing and hooking.
• was a key-shaped spear with a long blade with a side hook much like that found on a fauchard. This could be used to catch another weapon, or even dismount a rider mounted on horseback.
• possessed some of the most ornate designs for any spear. Running parallel to the long central blade were two 'crescent moon' shaped blades facing outwards. They were attached in two locations by short cross bars, making the head look somewhat like a fleur-de-lis.
• , an old form of possibly from the Nara period (710–794), a guard's spear with 6 ft (1.8 m) pole and 8 in (200 mm) blade either leaf-shaped or waved (like keris); a sickle-shaped horn projected on one or both sides at the joint of blade. The had a hollow socket like the later period for the pole to fit into rather than a long tang.
• , a broad described as being "leaf shaped" or "bamboo leaf shaped".
• (alao known as ), a straight double edged blade.
• (), an extra long blade.

Variations of shafts

A shaft can range in length from 1–6 metres (3 ft 3 in–19 ft 8 in), with some in excess of 6 metres.

• : 16.4 to 19.7 ft (5.0 to 6.0 m) long, a type of pike used by . It was especially used by Oda clan beginning from the reign of Oda Nobunaga; samurai tradition of the time held that the soldiers of the rural province of Owari were among the weakest in Japan. Kantō was a chaotic place; Kansai was home to the Shogunate, and the Uesugi, Takeda, Imagawa, and Hojo clans, as well as pirate raiders from Shikoku. Additionally, Kyushu was home of one of the most warmongering clans in Japan, the Shimazu clan. Because of this, Nobunaga armed his underperforming soldiers extra-long pikes in order for them to be more effective against armoured opponents and cavalry, and fighting in groups and formations.
• , a long spear used by and samurai.
• . The shaft goes through a hollow metal tube that allowed the spear to be twisted during thrusting. This style of is typified in the school .
• . A with a short simple shaft that was kept by the bedside for home protection.
• . A with a short shaft that was used by samurai and police to help capture criminals.

Gallery

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• 

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• 

• 

  or , the reinforced upper part of the shaft.

See also

• Japanese sword
• Three Great Spears of Japan
• Nunti Bo
• Naginata

External links

• Nihonto message board forum
• Richard Stein's Japanese sword guide