F-crystal

In algebraic geometry, F-crystals are objects introduced by (Mazur 1972) that capture some of the structure of crystalline cohomology groups. The letter F stands for Frobenius, indicating that F-crystals have an action of Frobenius on them. F-isocrystals are crystals "up to isogeny".

F-crystals and F-isocrystals over perfect fields

Suppose that k is a perfect field, with ring of Witt vectors W and let K be the quotient field of W, with Frobenius automorphism σ.

Over the field k, an F-crystal is a free module M of finite rank over the ring W of Witt vectors of k, together with a σ-linear injective endomorphism of M. An F-isocrystal is defined in the same way, except that M is a module for the quotient field K of W rather than W.

Dieudonné–Manin classification theorem

The Dieudonné–Manin classification theorem was proved by (Dieudonné 1955) and (Manin 1963). It describes the structure of F-isocrystals over an algebraically closed field k. The category of such F-isocrystals is abelian and semisimple, so every F-isocrystal is a direct sum of simple F-isocrystals. The simple F-isocrystals are the modules E_s/r where r and s are coprime integers with r>0. The F-isocrystal E_s/r has a basis over K of the form v, Fv, F²v,...,F^r−1v for some element v, and F^rv = p^sv. The rational number s/r is called the slope of the F-isocrystal.

Over a non-algebraically closed field k the simple F-isocrystals are harder to describe explicitly, but an F-isocrystal can still be written as a direct sum of subcrystals that are isoclinic, where an F-crystal is called isoclinic if over the algebraic closure of k it is a sum of F-isocrystals of the same slope.

The Newton polygon of an F-isocrystal

The Newton polygon of an F-isocrystal encodes the dimensions of the pieces of given slope. If the F-isocrystal is a sum of isoclinic pieces with slopes s₁ < s₂ < ... and dimensions (as Witt ring modules) d₁, d₂,... then the Newton polygon has vertices (0,0), (x₁, y₁), (x₂, y₂),... where the nth line segment joining the vertices has slope s_n = (y_n−y_n−1)/(x_n−x_n−1) and projection onto the x-axis of length d_n = x_n − x_n−1.

The Hodge polygon of an F-crystal

The Hodge polygon of an F-crystal M encodes the structure of M/FM considered as a module over the Witt ring. More precisely since the Witt ring is a principal ideal domain, the module M/FM can be written as a direct sum of indecomposable modules of lengths n₁ ≤ n₂ ≤ ... and the Hodge polygon then has vertices (0,0), (1,n₁), (2,n₁+ n₂), ...

While the Newton polygon of an F-crystal depends only on the corresponding isocrystal, it is possible for two F-crystals corresponding to the same F-isocrystal to have different Hodge polygons. The Hodge polygon has edges with integer slopes, while the Newton polygon has edges with rational slopes.

Isocrystals over more general schemes

Suppose that A is a complete discrete valuation ring of characteristic 0 with quotient field k of characteristic p>0 and perfect. An affine enlargement of a scheme X₀ over k consists of a torsion-free A-algebra B and an ideal I of B such that B is complete in the I topology and the image of I is nilpotent in B/pB, together with a morphism from Spec(B/I) to X₀. A convergent isocrystal over a k-scheme X₀ consists of a module over B⊗Q for every affine enlargement B that is compatible with maps between affine enlargements (Faltings 1990).

An F-isocrystal (short for Frobenius isocrystal) is an isocrystal together with an isomorphism to its pullback under a Frobenius morphism.

References

• Berthelot, Pierre; Ogus, Arthur (1983), "F-isocrystals and de Rham cohomology. I", Inventiones Mathematicae 72 (2): 159–199, doi:10.1007/BF01389319, ISSN 0020-9910 
• Crew, Richard (1987), "F-isocrystals and p-adic representations", Algebraic geometry, Bowdoin, 1985 (Brunswick, Maine, 1985), Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., 46, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, pp. 111–138, doi:10.1090/pspum/046.2/927977, ISBN 9780821814802, https://books.google.com/books?id=lw1ym4c2crMC&pg=PA117 
• de Shalit, Ehud (2012), F-isocrystals, http://www.ma.huji.ac.il/~deshalit/new_site/files/F-isocrystals.pdf 
• Dieudonné, Jean (1955), "Lie groups and Lie hyperalgebras over a field of characteristic p>0. IV", American Journal of Mathematics 77 (3): 429–452, doi:10.2307/2372633, ISSN 0002-9327 
• Faltings, Gerd (1990), "F-isocrystals on open varieties: results and conjectures", The Grothendieck Festschrift, Vol. II, Progr. Math., 87, Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, pp. 219–248 
• Grothendieck, A. (1966), Letter to J. Tate, http://www.math.jussieu.fr/~leila/grothendieckcircle/crystals.pdf .
• Manin, Ju. I. (1963), "Theory of commutative formal groups over fields of finite characteristic", Akademiya Nauk SSSR I Moskovskoe Matematicheskoe Obshchestvo. Uspekhi Matematicheskikh Nauk 18 (6): 3–90, doi:10.1070/RM1963v018n06ABEH001142, ISSN 0042-1316 
• Mazur, B. (1972), "Frobenius and the Hodge filtration", Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 78 (5): 653–667, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1972-12976-8 
• Ogus, Arthur (1984), "F-isocrystals and de Rham cohomology. II. Convergent isocrystals", Duke Mathematical Journal 51 (4): 765–850, doi:10.1215/S0012-7094-84-05136-6, ISSN 0012-7094