Finance:Double Movement
The Double Movement is a concept originating with Karl Polanyi in his book The Great Transformation. The phrase refers to the dialectical process of marketization and push for social protection against that marketization. First, laissez-faire reformers seek to "disembed" the economy in order to establish what Polanyi calls a "market society" wherein all things are commodified, including what Polanyi terms "false commodities": land, labor, and money. Second, a reactionary "countermovement" arises whereby society attempts to re-embed the economy through the creation of social protections such as labor laws and tariffs. In Polanyi's view, these liberal reformers seek to subordinate society to the market economy, which is taken by these reformers to be self-regulating. To Polanyi, this is a utopian project, as economies are always embedded in societies.
Overview
According to The Great Transformation, the development of "market society" has been formed by the Double Movement. It has been found that this formulation is practical to analyze the last thirty years of global development. For example, Laissez-faire has been the forerunner concept or movement of neo-liberalism or market fundamentalism.
Although the concept of Double Movement has been criticized[who?] in that this formulation tended to be functionalism, it is still an efficient tool which works as a theoretical foundation.
First of all, Polanyi criticized the class analysis of Marxism. He brought up some problems about Marxist class analysis which only focus on the only narrow part of conflicts between employers and workers rather than deal with the overall political background where the conflicts occurred. Rather, Polanyi suggested the state power forms a different power between employers and workers. This also means the market system cannot be operated without government action. His saying "Laissez-faire was planned" implies that Laissez-faire is closely involved in managing market economy. Since the market cannot produce invented commodities such as money, land and labor at the right level of sustainable quantities, the government must involve in managing the supply and demand for the production process of these things. This fictitious concept of market economy means that Laissez-faire does not always operate in a perfect way. He argued the self-contradiction of market society is that itself cannot be a basis for social order, rather, the government action is needed for production and maintenance of social order. Polanyi's analysis reforms the field where social struggles happen and provides less class-deterministic explanation. These two innovations are intimately connected.
Polanyi also contributed to global context field where social struggle take place. Before him, many other analysts were aware of globally expanding capitalism, but he provided further analysis of this global quality. He argued that the country's specific position within the global system of states constrains the social conflicts within a particular political state. It means that the two innovations, mentioned above, were global situation. The normal economic pattern showed that the global phenomena have been considerably determined the social struggles in countries. The reliance of the movement of Laissez-faire on global situation also generated unavoidable competition which is a cause of weakness of the international state system. Domestic counter-movement against nationalism showed a kind of loyalty to adequate operation of international economy in favor of chasing itself's distinct way of development, which demands substantial management of markets from political power.
The dependence of Laissez-faire on global hegemony is a complicated problem because this is the field where political leaders need negotiation to keep their political power for two main purposes. They need to maintain both protection on position of the nation within the international state system and effective function of domestic economy. Political leaders should pursue balance between these two goals. If policies are weighted one-side for example, tilting to the Laissez-faire, it undermines the domestic economy and the economy becomes to rely too much on global stream. On the other hand, if policies are biased to the other goal, it disturbs business environment and weakens the global status of the nation by diminishing sufficient foreign investment and resources. Therefore, all political leaders have to consider both risky situations and make a settlement at the proper balanced point. The relative power between these two rivalry movements are determined by the political and economic states and how social participants think about and act against those particular situations.
On the one hand, there is a significant importance of self-regulating mechanism of market in Polanyi's study. Polanyi backed up Marx's assertion that it is more influential on pursuing for interests when people have a common ideology rather than an individual goal. If it was not for argument about commonly shared interests among social actors in self-regulating market, the movement of Laissez-faire would not have such a big impact on global economy.
In the double movement, workers and capitalists are major actors who engage in these two movements and represent the key part of the two rivalry movements, respectively. Meanwhile, there are also different social groups which actively participate in these movements according to Polanyi's analysis. For instance, he argued that the bourgeoisie and proletariat had the most effect on society when they exerted their power from various influential social groups. In general, workers tended to stand by the counter movement against Laissez-faire and capitalists advocated the freedom and expansion of market. Nevertheless, there were a few workers and capitalists who were supportive vice versa at all time.
Polanyi also argued that the concept of a self-regulating market of Laissez-faire is quite utopian thinking. The market system would break down if there isn't any management of government at all. In most cases, the supporters of the movement of Laissez-faire claim that a self-regulating market works well itself so that signals such as price from the market have an ability to allocate capital, labor and land in a suitable way. However, a fairly large portion of these advocators would find that they are actually largely dependent on the government's regulation on protection of their own property, control over low-class workers and even operation of the free market.
Reception and influence
Mark Blyth's 2002 book Great Transformations is strongly influenced by Polanyi's work, in particular the notion of the double movement as the motor behind institutional change.[1]
Torben Iversen and David Soskice have argued that social protection and markets go hand-in-hand, as the former resolves market failures.[2]
Studies by David Cameron,[3] Dani Rodrik[4] and Peter Katzenstein[5] have affirmed the insights of the Double Movement, as they show that greater trade openness has been associated with increases in government social spending.[6][7] John Ruggie's concept of "embedded liberalism" is derived from the double movement.[8][9][7]
See also
- Substantivism
- Embedded liberalism
Further reading
- Block, Fred (2008), "Polanyi's Double Movement and the Reconstruction of Critical Theory", Revue Interventions économiques [Online] 38, http://journals.openedition.org/interventionseconomiques/274Dale, G. (2010). Karl Polanyi. Cambridge: Polity Press." Pp. 15-18, 58-62
- Dale, Gareth (2008). “Karl Polanyi’s The Great Transformation: Perverse effects, protectionism, and Gemeinschaft,” Economy and Society, Vol. 37, No. 4, 495–524.
- Dale, Gareth (2012). “Double movements and pendular forces: Polanyian perspectives on the neoliberal age. Current Sociology, Vol. 60, No. 1, 3–27.
- Farrell, H. (2014). "The free market is an impossible utopia: an interview with Fred Block and Margaret Somers." Washington Post, July 18, 2014. Retrieved August 25th, 2015. URL : https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/07/18/the-free-market-is-an-impossible-utopia/
- Kuttner, R. (2014). "Karl Polanyi Explains It All." The American Prospect, April 15h, 2014. Retrieved August 25th, 2015. URL : http://prospect.org/article/karl-polanyi-explains-it-all
- Polanyi, K. ([1944] 2001). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, 2nd ed. Foreword by Joseph E. Stiglitz
References
- ↑ Blyth, Mark (2002) (in en). Great Transformations: Economic Ideas and Institutional Change in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01052-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=sNXT0rpJuDkC.
- ↑ Estevez‐Abe, Margarita; Iversen, Torben; Soskice, David (2001-08-30), "Social Protection and the Formation of Skills: A Reinterpretation of the Welfare State", Varieties of Capitalism (Oxford University Press): pp. 145–183, doi:10.1093/0199247757.003.0004, ISBN 978-0-19-924775-2, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0199247757.003.0004
- ↑ Cameron, David R. (1978). "The Expansion of the Public Economy: A Comparative Analysis". The American Political Science Review 72 (4): 1243–1261. doi:10.2307/1954537. ISSN 0003-0554. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1954537.
- ↑ Rodrik, Dani (1998). "Why do More Open Economies Have Bigger Governments?". Journal of Political Economy 106 (5): 997–1032. doi:10.1086/250038. ISSN 0022-3808. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/250038.
- ↑ Katzenstein, Peter J. (2015) (in en). Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-0036-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=irWdDgAAQBAJ.
- ↑ Rudra, Nita (2002). "Globalization and the Decline of the Welfare State in Less-Developed Countries" (in en). International Organization 56 (2): 411–445. doi:10.1162/002081802320005522. ISSN 1531-5088.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Garrett, Geoffrey (1998). "Global Markets and National Politics: Collision Course or Virtuous Circle?" (in en). International Organization 52 (4): 787–824. doi:10.1162/002081898550752. ISSN 1531-5088. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/global-markets-and-national-politics-collision-course-or-virtuous-circle/A2BEC87B03DC70C7F002AEC3354F3AA7.
- ↑ Ruggie, John Gerard (1982). "International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order". International Organization 36 (2): 379–415. doi:10.1017/S0020818300018993. ISSN 0020-8183.
- ↑ Helleiner, Eric (2019). "The life and times of embedded liberalism: legacies and innovations since Bretton Woods". Review of International Political Economy 26 (6): 1112–1135. doi:10.1080/09692290.2019.1607767. ISSN 0969-2290. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2019.1607767.
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