Five Ws

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Short description: Checklist for a journalist's lead: Who? What? Where? When? Why? How?
American government poster created during WWII featuring interrogatives

The Five W's and H is a checklist used in journalism to ensure that the first paragraph (the "lead") contains all the essential points of a story. As far back as 1913, reporters were taught that the lead should answer these questions:[1]

  • Who?
  • What?
  • When?
  • Where?
  • Why? and
  • How?

In modern times, journalism students are still taught that these are the fundamental six questions of newswriting.[2] Reporters also use the “5 W’s” to guide research and interviews and to raise important ethical questions, such as “How do you know that?”.[3]

Nomenclature

There are many other names for this checklist. Some common ones are: The Five W's and H[2], The 5 W's of Journalism[4], Six Honest-Serving Men[5].

Usage outside of journalism

In the United Kingdom (excluding Scotland), the Five Ws are used in Key Stage 2 and Key Stage 3 lessons (ages 7–14).[6]

Origins in Antiquity

According to Inoslav Bešker, Professor of Philology at the University of Split in Croatia, the 5 W's are rooted in the seven questions used in ancient Greece to communicate stories clearly[7]:

Although long attributed to Hermagoras of Temnos,[8] in 2010, it was established that Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics are in fact the source of the elements of circumstance or Septem Circumstantiae.[9] Thomas Aquinas had much earlier acknowledged Aristotle as the originator of the elements of circumstances, providing a detailed commentary on Aristotle's system in his "Treatise on human acts" and specifically in part one of two Q7 "Of the Circumstances of Human Acts". Aquinas examines the concept of Aristotle's voluntary and involuntary action in his Summa Theologiae as well as a further set of questions about the elements of circumstance.[10] Primarily, he asks "Whether a circumstance is an accident of a human act" (Article 1), "Whether Theologians should take note of the circumstances of human acts?" (Article 2), "Whether the circumstances are properly set forth (in Aristotle's) third book of Ethics" (Article 3) and "Whether the most important circumstances are 'Why' and 'In What the act consists'?" (Article 4).

For in acts we must take note of who did it, by what aids or instruments he did it (with), what he did, where he did it, why he did it, how and when he did it.[10]

For Aristotle, the elements are used to distinguish voluntary or involuntary action, a crucial distinction for him.[11] These elements of circumstances are used by Aristotle as a framework to describe and evaluate moral action in terms of What was or should be done, Who did it, How it was done, Where it happened, and most importantly for what reason (Why), and so on for all the other elements:

Therefore it is not a pointless endeavor to divide these circumstances by kind and number; (1) the Who, (2) the What, (3) around what place (Where) or (4) in which time something happens (When), and sometimes (5) with what, such as an instrument (With), (6) for the sake of what (Why), such as saving a life, and (7) the (How), such as gently or violently…And it seems that the most important circumstances are those just listed, including the Why.[9]

For Aristotle, ignorance of any of these elements can imply involuntary action:

Thus, with ignorance as a possibility concerning all these things, that is, the circumstances of the act, the one who acts in ignorance of any of them seems to act involuntarily, and especially regarding the most important ones. And it seems that the most important circumstances are those just listed, including the Why[9]

In the Politics, Aristotle illustrates why the elements are important in terms of human (moral) action:

I mean, for instance (a particular circumstance or movement or action), How could we advise the Athenians whether they should go to war or not, if we did not know their strength (How much), whether it was naval or military or both (What kind), and how great it is (How many), what their revenues amount to (With), Who their friends and enemies are (Who), what wars, too they have waged (What), and with what success; and so on.[12]

Essentially, these elements of circumstances provide a theoretical framework that can be used to particularize, explain or predict any given set of circumstances of action. Hermagoras went so far as to claim that all hypotheses are derived from these seven circumstances:

In other words, no hypothetical question, or question involving particular persons and actions, can arise without reference to these circumstances, and no demonstration of such a question can be made without using them.[8]

In any particular act or situation, one needs to interrogate these questions in order to determine the actual circumstances of the action.

It is necessary for students of virtue to differentiate between the Voluntary and Involuntary; such a distinction should even prove useful to the lawmaker for assigning honors and punishments.[9]

This aspect is encapsulated by Aristotle in Rhetoric as forensic speech and is used to determine "The characters and circumstances which lead men to commit wrong, or make them the victims of wrong"[13] to accuse or defend. It is this application of the elements of circumstances that was emphasised by latter rhetoricians.

Usage in Rhetoric

Even though the classical origin of these questions as situated in ethics had long been lost, they have been a standard way of formulating or analyzing rhetorical questions since antiquity.[14] The rhetor Hermagoras of Temnos, as quoted in pseudo-Augustine's De Rhetorica,[15] applied Aristotle's "elements of circumstances" (μόρια περιστάσεως)[16] as the loci of an issue:

Quis, quid, quando, ubi, cur, quem ad modum, quibus adminiculis.[17][18]
(Who, what, when, where, why, in what way, by what means)

Aquinas[10] also refers to the elements as used by Cicero in De Inventione (Chap. 24 DD1, 104) as:

Quis, quid, ubi, quibus auxiliis, cur, quomodo, quando.[10]

Similarly, Quintilian discussed loci argumentorum, but did not put them in the form of questions.[17]

Victorinus explained Cicero's application of the elements of circumstances by putting them into correspondence with Hermagoras's questions:[17]

quis=persona; quid=factum; cur=causa; ubi=locus; quando=tempus; quemadmodum = modus; quib/adminiculis=facultas

Julius Victor also lists circumstances as questions.[17]

Boethius "made the seven circumstances fundamental to the arts of prosecution and defense":

Quis, quid, cur, quomodo, ubi, quando, quibus auxiliis.[17]
(Who, what, why, how, where, when, with what)

The question form was taken up again in the 12th century by Thierry of Chartres and John of Salisbury.[17]

To administer suitable penance to sinners, the 21st canon of the Fourth Lateran Council (1215) enjoined confessors to investigate both sins and the circumstances of the sins. The question form was popular for guiding confessors, and it appeared in several different forms:[19]

Quis, quid, ubi, per quos, quoties, cur, quomodo, quando.[20]
Quis, quid, ubi, quibus auxiliis, cur, quomodo, quando.[21]
Quis, quid, ubi, cum quo, quotiens, cur, quomodo, quando.[22]
Quid, quis, ubi, quibus auxiliis, cur, quomodo, quando.[23]
Quid, ubi, quare, quantum, conditio, quomodo, quando: adiuncto quoties.[24]

The method of questions was also used for the systematic exegesis of a text.[25]

In the 16th century, Thomas Wilson wrote in English verse:

Who, what, and where, by what helpe, and by whose:
Why, how, and when, doe many things disclose.[26]

In the United States in the 19th century, William Cleaver Wilkinson popularized the "Three Ws" – What? Why? What of it? – as a method of Bible study in the 1880s, although he did not claim originality. This eventually became the "Five Ws", but the application was rather different from that in journalism:

"What? Why? What of it?" is a plan of study of alliterative methods for the teacher emphasized by Professor W.C. Wilkinson not as original with himself but as of venerable authority. "It is, in fact," he says, "an almost immemorial orator's analysis. First the facts, next the proof of the facts, then the consequences of the facts. This analysis has often been expanded into one known as "The Five Ws": "When? Where? Who? What? Why?" Hereby attention is called, in the study of any lesson: to the date of its incidents; to their place or locality; to the person speaking or spoken to, or to the persons introduced, in the narrative; to the incidents or statements of the text; and, finally, to the applications and uses of the lesson teachings.[27]

The "Five Ws" (and one H) were memorialized by Rudyard Kipling in his Just So Stories (1902), in which a poem, accompanying the tale of The Elephant's Child,[28] opens with:

I keep six honest serving-men
(They taught me all I knew);
Their names are What and Why and When
And How and Where and Who.

By 1917, the "Five Ws" were being taught in high-school journalism classes,[29] and by 1940, the tendency of journalists to address all of the "Five Ws" within the lead paragraph of an article was being characterized as old-fashioned and fallacious:

The old-fashioned lead of the five Ws and the H, crystallized largely by Pulitzer's "new journalism" and sanctified by the schools, is widely giving way to the much more supple and interesting feature lead, even on straight news stories.[30]
All of you know about – and I hope all of you admit the fallacy of – the doctrine of the five Ws in the first sentence of the newspaper story.[31]

Starting in the 2000s, the Five Ws were sometimes misattributed to Rudyard Kipling (referred to as "The Kipling Method"), especially in the management and quality literature,[32][33] and contrasted with the five whys.[34]

Etymology

In English, most of the interrogative words begin with the same letters, wh-; in Latin, most also begin with the same letters, qu-. This is not a coincidence, as they are cognates derived from the Proto-Indo-European interrogative pronoun root kwo-, reflected in Proto-Germanic as χwa- or khwa- and in Latin as qu-.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bleyer, Willard Grosvenor (1913). "IV. Structure and Style in News Stories" (in En). Newspaper Writing and Editing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. p. 66. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65884. Retrieved January 28, 2024. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Writing Leads | NMU Writing Center" (in en). https://nmu.edu/writingcenter/writing-leads. 
  3. ↑ "The 5 W’s (and How) of writing for the web" (in en). 2011-11-14. https://stevebuttry.wordpress.com/2011/11/14/the-5-ws-and-how-of-writing-for-the-web/. 
  4. ↑ "Digging deeper into the 5 W's of journalism" (in en). https://ijnet.org/en/story/digging-deeper-5-ws-journalism. 
  5. ↑ "Society of Professional Journalists on LinkedIn: “I keep six honest-serving men. They taught me all I knew. Their names are…" (in en). https://www.linkedin.com/posts/society-of-professional-journalists_i-keep-six-honest-serving-men-they-taught-activity-6603688571503157248-UPUJ. 
  6. ↑ "The Five Ws of Drama". Times Educational Supplement. September 4, 2008. http://www.tes.co.uk/teaching-resource/The-Five-W-s-of-Drama-6001931/. 
  7. ↑ Bešker, Inoslav (March 2, 2009). "The Roots of the 5 Ws". https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/61689. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Robertson, D.W. (1946). "A Note on the Classical Origin of ' Circumstances ' in the Medieval Confessional". Studies in Philology 43 (1): 9. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Sloan, M.C. (2010). "Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics as the Original Locus for the Septem Circumstantiae". Classical Philology 105 (3): 236–251. doi:10.1086/656196. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Aquinas, Thomas (1952). Sullivan, Daniel J.. ed. The Summa Theologica. 19. Encyclopedia Britannica. pp. Q7. Art. 3. Obj. 3. 
  11. ↑ Sloan 2010, 236
  12. ↑ Aristotle (1921). Ross, W.D.. ed. Politica. X. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 1396a7–11. 
  13. ↑ Aristotle (1920). Ross, W.D.. ed. Rhetoric. XI. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. Bk I.12 1372a4-1373a35. 
  14. ↑ For more general discussion of the theory of circumstances, see e.g. Rita Copeland, Rhetoric, Hermeneutics, and Translation in the Middle Ages: Academic Traditions and Vernacular Texts, 1995. ISBN:0-521-48365-4, p. 66ff, as well as Robertson
  15. ↑ Although attributed to Augustine of Hippo, modern scholarship considers the authorship doubtful, and calls him pseudo-Augustine: Edwin Carawan, "What the Laws have Prejudged: Παραγραφή and Early Issue Theory" in Cecil W. Wooten, George Alexander Kennedy, eds., The orator in action and theory in Greece and Rome, 2001. ISBN:90-04-12213-3, p. 36.
  16. ↑ Vollgraff, W. (1948). "Observations sur le sixieme discours d'Antiphon". Mnemosyne. 4th ser 1 (4): 257–270. doi:10.1163/156852548X00222. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Robertson, D.W. Jr (1946). "A Note on the Classical Origin of "Circumstances" in the Medieval Confessional". Studies in Philology 43 (1): 6–14. 
  18. ↑ Robertson, quoting Halm's edition of De rhetorica; Hermagoras's original does not survive
  19. ↑ Citations below taken from Robertson and not independently checked.
  20. ↑ Mansi, Concilium Trevirense Provinciale (1227), Mansi, Concilia, XXIII, c. 29.
  21. ↑ Constitutions of Alexander de Stavenby (1237) Wilkins, I:645; also quoted in Thomas Aquinas Summa Theologica I-II, 7, 3.
  22. ↑ Robert de Sorbon, De Confessione, MBP XXV:354
  23. ↑ Peter Quinel, Summula, Wilkins, II:165
  24. ↑ S. Petrus Coelestinus, Opuscula, MBP XXV:828
  25. ↑ Richard N. Soulen, R. Kendall Soulen, Handbook of Biblical Criticism, (Louisville, 2001, ISBN:0-664-22314-1) s.v. Locus, p. 107; Hartmut Schröder, Subject-Oriented Texts, p. 176ff
  26. ↑ Thomas Wilson, The Arte of Rhetorique Book I.
  27. ↑ Henry Clay Trumbull, Teaching and Teachers, Philadelphia, 1888, p. 120.
  28. ↑ The poem compares Kipling's own day-to-day situation as a writer/journalist, with that of Queen Victoria ("a person small") who "keeps ten million serving men", and, unlike Kipling, "gets no rest at all".
  29. ↑ Leon Nelson Flint, Newspaper Writing in High Schools, Containing an Outline for the Use of Teachers, University of Kansas, 1917, p. 47.
  30. ↑ Mott, Frank Luther (1942). "Trends in Newspaper Content". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 219: 60–65. doi:10.1177/000271624221900110. 
  31. ↑ Griffin, Philip F. (1949). "The Correlation of English and Journalism". The English Journal 38 (4): 189–194. doi:10.2307/806690. 
  32. ↑ Simon Burtonshaw-Gunn, The Essential Management Toolbox, 2009, ISBN:0470687436, pp. 55, 68, 198
  33. ↑ e.g. in E. Kim and S. Helal, "Revisiting Human Activity Networks", in Sensor Systems and Software: Second International ICST Conference, Miami 2010, p. 223
  34. ↑ Richard Smith, et al., The Effective Change Manager's Handbook, 2014, p. 419

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