History:Chronology of early Christian monasticism

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Short description: A chronology of early Christian monasticism with important events listed.
Chronology of early Christian monasticism is located in Egypt
Scetis
Scetis
Nitria
Nitria
Inner Mountain
Inner Mountain
Outer Mountain
Outer Mountain
Kellia
Kellia
Mareotic Lake
Mareotic Lake
Lycopolis
Lycopolis
Antinoe
Antinoe
Tabennesi
Tabennesi
Pelusium
Pelusium
Gaza
Gaza
Panopolis
Panopolis
class=notpageimage|
Locations of significant monastic sites.

Christian monasticism first appeared in Egypt and Syria.[1] This is a partial chronology of early Christian monasticism with its notable events listed. It covers 343 years.

Year (AD) Historical event
c. 227 Paul the Great is born. He is considered to be the very first Christian eremitic ascetic. He lived very reclusively and was only discovered by Anthony towards the end of his life.[2]
249-51 Persecution of Christians under Emperor Decius forces many Christians to flee into the desert (including Paul the Great[2]), thus starting Egyptian Christian monasticism.[3][4]
c. 251 Anthony the Great is born, who is considered to have founded eremitic monasticism.[5][4][6]
c. 285 Cronius of Nitria is born.[4]
c. 290 Pachomius the Great is born, who is considered to have founded cenobitic monasticism.[7][8][4]
291/292 Hilarion the Great is born, who was inspired by Anthony.[9]
293 Athanasius the Great is born. His writings are important for the start of Christian monasticism.[10][1]
c. 300 Macarius the Great is born.[11][4]
303 Christian persecution under emperor Diocletian: the Diocletianic Persecution.[12][4]
305 Anthony the Great relocates from the Outer Mountain to the Inner Mountain of Pispir.[13]
306
  • Constantine the Great becomes the emperor of Western Rome.[14]
  • Ephrem the Syrian, the "teacher of repentance", is born.[15]
c. 310-20 Athanasius the Great begins his ecclesiastical career.[13]
313 The Edict of Milan legalizes Christianity and ends persecution.[16]
314
  • Theodorus of Tabennese (spiritual successor of Poemen) is born.
  • Pachomius the Great is baptized.
c. 315
  • Amoun of Nitria begins his monastic life.[4]
  • Epiphanius is born.
c. 320
  • Death of Amoun (according to Athanasius' history of Anthony the Great).
  • Pachomius the Great establishes a monastic community in Tabennisis.[13]
320 Pishoy is born.
c. 323
  • Pachomius the Great founds a monastery at Tabennisi with more than 100 monks and a monastery at Pabau.[1] He also creates the cenobitic system of monastic governance in which the monks are subject to an abbot.[17][18][4]
  • Pishoy is born.
324 Constantine the Great becomes the sole emperor of all of Rome.[4][14]
325 First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea.[4][19][20]
328 Athanasius the Great becomes Archbishop of Alexandria.[4][10]
329 Basil the Great is born. He influences Christian monasticism by his ascetic writings.[21]
330
  • Moses the Black is born.[4][22]
  • Macarius the Great establishes a monastic settlement in Scetis (which at its peak had 700 individual monasteries).[23]
  • Amun establishes a monastic settlement in Nitria.
337 Death of Emperor Constantine (as a Christian).[14][4]
338
  • 2nd exile of Athanasius the Great.[10]
  • Monks from Nitria move 20 kilometers away and establish the monastic settlement of Kellia.[24][25]
339 John the Dwarf is born in Thebes.
c. 340
  • Pambo (disciple of Anthony) founds many monasteries in Scetis.[26]
  • Anthony the Great learns of Paul the Great in a vision and finds him before he dies, as recorded by Jerome.
  • 1st exile of Athanasius the Great that lasts six years.[10] During this time, Athanasius, through his writings, brings ideas from eastern Christian monasticism to western Christianity.[1]
  • Poemen is born.
  • Hilarion founds a hermitage close to his native town of Thabatha, starting monasticism in Gaza and Palestine.[9]
c. 341 Death of Paul the Great in Thebes.
c. 345 Rufinus is born.[27]
346 Death of Pachomius the Great.[8][7]
c. 347 Jerome is born.[28]
347 John Chrysostom is born.[29]
356
  • Death of Anthony the Great at age 105.[30][4] Sisoes the Great relocates to the mountain of Anthony.[4]
  • 3rd exile of Athanasius the Great.[10]
357 Athanasius of the Great writes his biography of Anthony the Great.[31][32]
c. 358 Death of Serapion of Nitria.
360 John Cassian is born.
361 Julian the Apostate becomes the emperor of Rome.[33][4]
362 4th exile of Athanasius the Great by Julian the Apostate.[10][13]
363 Death of Mar Awgin (a Syrian disciple of Pachomius the Great). He had established Christian monasticism in Mesopotamia.[1]
364 5th and final exile of Athanasius the Great.[10]
367 Epiphanius becomes the bishop of Cyprus.[4][34]
368 Death of Theodorus of Tabennese.
370 Basil the Great, Archbishop of Caesarea, writes his Rules which becomes an important monastic text.[4]
371 Death of Hilarion the Great.
373
  • Death of Athanasius the Great.[10]
  • Death of Ephrem the Syrian.[15]
373-5 Rufinus meets Melania in Egypt.[4]
375 Death of Pambo.[35][4]
c. 376 Jerome writes his Life of Paul of Thebes.[13]
377 Euthymius the Great is born.[36]
379 Death of Basil the Great.[37][4]
380 At Gaza, Silvanus and a certain Mark the Calligrapher make a settlement.[38]
381 First Ecumenical Council of Constantinople.[39][4]
382 Jerome returns to Rome.[13]
383 Evagrius of Nitria becomes a monk at Kellia.[4][40]
385
c. 386 Death of Cronius of Nitria.[4]
c. 390 Jerome writes his Life of Malchus.[13]
390
  • Death of Isidore of Scetes.
  • Death of Or at age 90.
  • Palladius of Galatia lives at Nitria.
391
394-5 Death of John of Lycopolis.[42]
395
  • Death of Macarius the Younger.
  • Isaac of the Cells succeeds Cronius of Nitria.[4]
  • John Cassian visits Paphnutius the Ascetic.[43]
398 John Chrysostom is ordained the Archbishop of Constantinople.[29][4]
399
  • Death of Evagrius of Nitria.[44][4]
  • Archbishop Theophilus of Alexandria opposes Anthropomorphism and condemns Origenism.[4]
c. 400
  • Arsenius the Great joins the monks at Scetis.
  • Death of Peter the Pionite.[45]
c. 404 John Cassian establishes the first Egyptian-style monastery in Gaul.[46]
405
  • Death of Moses the Black and his companions.[22]
  • Death of John the Dwarf on Mount Colzim in Egypt.
407
  • Death of John Chrysostom.[29][4]
  • Lucius and Longinus flee fame to Enaton.[47]
407-408
  • 1st destruction of Scetis by the Mazices. This marks the shifting of the center of Christian monasticism from Egypt to Palestine.[48][4]
  • Poemen and his brothers leave Scetis and move to Terenuthis.[4][49]
410 Rome is sacked by Alaric and the Visigoths.[50][4]
411
  • Rufinus' version of the History of the Monks of Egypt is complete.
  • Death of Rufinus.[27][4]
417 Death of Pishoy on July 15.
c. 419-20 Palladius writes his Lausaic History.[51][4]
421-6 John Cassian writes the Institutes and the Conferences.[4][52]
429 Death of Sisoes the Great.
431 Ecumenical Council of Ephesus.[4][53]
434
c. 435
  • Death of Agathon, disciple of Poemen.
  • Death of John Cassian in Marseilles.[55]
439 Sabbas the Sanctified is born.[4][56]
444 3rd destruction of Scetis.[48]
445 Death of Arsenius the Great.[4][54]
449 Death of Daniel of Egypt, disciple of Arsenius the Great.[4]
450
  • Death of Poemen.[57]
  • Death of Isidore of Pelusium.[58]
451 Council of Chalcedon.[59][4] After the Council of Chalcedon, the decision was made to put all Egyptian monasticism under church hierarchical supervision. This marked the end of the classical era of early Egyptian Christian monasticism.[60]
455 Rome under, Emperor Romulus Augustus, is sacked by the Vandals.[61][4]
459
  • Death of Simeon the Stylite.[62][4]
  • Daniel becomes a Stylite.[4]
c. 480 Birth of Benedict of Nursia who greatly shaped western monasticism ("Benedictine" monks).[63][4]
484 The Great Lavra (Mar Saba) is founded by Sabbas the Sanctified.[64]
491
  • Death of Isaiah the Solitary.
  • Paul the Great is canonized by Pope Gelasius I.
527 Saint Catherine's Monastery is founded on Mount Sinai by Emperor Justinian the Great.[65]
c. 543
  • Death of Barsanuphius and John the Prophet, two hermits who wrote over 800 letters of spiritual guidance to monks, priests and lay people. Their disciple Dorotheus of Gaza goes on to found a new monastery.[66]
570 4th destruction of Scetis.[48]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Christianity - Monasticism | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/Monasticism. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "St. Paul of Thebes | Biography & Facts | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Paul-of-Thebes. 
  3. ↑ "Decius | Roman emperor | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Decius. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 4.41 4.42 4.43 4.44 4.45 Ward, Benedicta (1980). Sayings of the Desert Fathers. OCLC 164656655. http://worldcat.org/oclc/164656655. 
  5. ↑ Endsjø, Dag Øistein (2008). Primordial Landscapes, Incorruptible Bodies: Desert Asceticism and the Christian Appropriation of Greek Ideas on Geography, Bodies, and immortality. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-0181-6. OCLC 954025833. http://worldcat.org/oclc/954025833. 
  6. ↑ "Christianity - Monasticism | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/Monasticism. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Saint Pachomius | Biography, Legacy, & Facts | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Pachomius. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism". https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2019/05/15/101384-venerable-pachomius-the-great-founder-of-coenobitic-monasticism. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kofsky, Arieh; Bitton-Ashkelony, Bruria (2004). Christian Gaza in Late Antiquity. Brill. pp. 67-69. ISBN 9789004138681. https://www.google.es/books/edition/Christian_Gaza_In_Late_Antiquity/lA9VwVwoyiAC. Retrieved 12 November 2023. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 "Saint Athanasius | Biography & Facts | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Athanasius. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Macarius the Egyptian | Biography, Legacy, & Facts | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Macarius-the-Egyptian. 
  12. ↑ "Diocletian | Biography, Empire, Definition, Persecution, & Reign | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Diocletian. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 "episode_092_athanasius_life_of_antony". https://literatureandhistory.com/index.php/episode-092-athanasius-life-of-antony. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "Constantine I | Biography, Accomplishments, Death, & Facts | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Constantine-I-Roman-emperor. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Saint Ephraem Syrus | Christian theologian | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Ephraem-Syrus. 
  16. ↑ "Edict of Milan | Description, History, & Facts | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Edict-of-Milan. 
  17. ↑ Wikisource-logo.svg Bacchus, Francis Joseph (1911). "St. Pachomius". Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. 
  18. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Pachomius". https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11381a.htm. 
  19. ↑ "Council of Nicaea Concludes" (in English). https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/council-of-nicaea-concludes. 
  20. ↑ "Council of Nicea" (in en). https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/study/module/nicea. 
  21. ↑ "Saint Basil the Great | Biography, Facts, & Legacy | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Basil-the-Great. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Life of St. Moses the Black" (in en-US). 2015-09-03. https://mosestheblack.org/resources/life/. 
  23. ↑ White, H. G. Evelyn (1920). "The Egyptian Expedition 1916-1919: IV. The Monasteries of the Wadi Natrun". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 15 (7): 34–39. doi:10.2307/3254177. ISSN 0026-1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3254177. 
  24. ↑ Harmless, William (2004-06-17) (in en). Desert Christians: An Introduction to the Literature of Early Monasticism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-803674-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=zn2ml4g79WcC&pg=PA281. 
  25. ↑ "Nitria - Coptic Wiki" (in en-US). 2019-12-01. https://coptic-wiki.org/nitria. 
  26. ↑ Statius (2017), "Thebaid", Statius: Thebaid 2 (Oxford University Press), doi:10.1093/oseo/instance.00233078, ISBN 978-0-19-874470-2, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00233078, retrieved 2022-06-09 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Tyrannius Rufinus | Roman priest and writer | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tyrannius-Rufinus. 
  28. ↑ "St. Jerome | Christian scholar | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Jerome. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "St. John Chrysostom | archbishop of Constantinople | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-John-Chrysostom. 
  30. ↑ "Saint Anthony of Egypt | Biography, Monasticism, & Facts | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Anthony-of-Egypt. 
  31. ↑ "episode_092_athanasius_life_of_antony". https://literatureandhistory.com/index.php/episode-092-athanasius-life-of-antony. 
  32. ↑ Conlin, Father Richard (2020-08-04). "Summary of The Life of Anthony by St. Athanasius" (in en). https://prodigalcatholic.com/2020/08/03/the-life-of-anthony-by-st-athanasius/. 
  33. ↑ "Julian | Roman emperor | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julian-Roman-emperor. 
  34. ↑ "Saint Epiphanius of Constantia | bishop of Salamis | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Epiphanius-of-Constantia. 
  35. ↑ "Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt". https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2008/07/18/102051-venerable-pambo-the-hermit-of-egypt. 
  36. ↑ "Saint Euthymius the Great | Biography, Monasticism, Feast Day, & Facts | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Euthymius-the-Great. 
  37. ↑ "Saint Basil the Great | Biography, Facts, & Legacy | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Basil-the-Great. 
  38. ↑ Harmless, William (2004). Desert Christians: An Introduction to the Literature of Early Monasticism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516222-6. OCLC 54006530. http://worldcat.org/oclc/54006530. 
  39. ↑ "First Council of Constantinople | Description, History, Doctrine, & Significance | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/event/First-Council-of-Constantinople-381. 
  40. ↑ Stewart, Columba (2011-03-07). "Evagrius Ponticus and the Eastern Monastic Tradition on the Intellect and the Passions". Modern Theology 27 (2): 263–275. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0025.2010.01675.x. ISSN 0266-7177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0025.2010.01675.x. 
  41. ↑ "CHURCH FATHERS: Letter 22 (Jerome)". https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3001022.htm. 
  42. ↑ Devos, Paul (1991) (in English). John of Lycopolis, Saint. The Coptic Encyclopedia, Volume 4. Claremont Graduate University, School of Religion. 
  43. ↑ Wikisource-logo.svg Hassett, Maurice M. (1911). "Paphnutius". Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. 
  44. ↑ "Evagrius Ponticus | Christian mystic | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Evagrius-Ponticus. 
  45. ↑ "SermonIndex.net Audio Sermons - Sermon Index" (in en). https://www.sermonindex.net/. 
  46. ↑ "The Monastic Movement: Origins & Purposes" (in en). https://www.worldhistory.org/article/930/the-monastic-movement-origins--purposes/. 
  47. ↑ Depuydt, Leo (1994). A Homily on the Virtues of Saint Longinus Attributed to Basil of Pemje. Louvain: Peeters. pp. 267–292. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 Article, Featured (2016-03-25). "The History Of The Settlement Of Scetis - Pimonakhos Articles" (in en-US). https://stshenoudamonastery.org.au/the-history-of-the-settlement-of-scetis/. 
  49. ↑ John. "Life and Sayings of Holy Abba Poemen the Great". https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2016/08/the-life-and-sayings-of-holy-abba_27.html. 
  50. ↑ "Sack of Rome | Summary | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/event/Sack-of-Rome-410. 
  51. ↑ "Palladius | Galatian monk, bishop, and chronicler | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Palladius-Galatian-monk-bishop-and-chronicler. 
  52. ↑ "Saint John Cassian | Biography, Theology, & Facts | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-John-Cassian. 
  53. ↑ "councils of Ephesus | Description, History, & Significance | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/event/councils-of-Ephesus. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 "Arsenius the Great | Biography, Legacy, & Facts | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arsenius-the-Great. 
  55. ↑ "Cassianus, Joannes Eremita". Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 458–459. 
  56. ↑ "Venerable Savva the Sanctified". https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2016/12/05/103477-venerable-savva-the-sanctified. 
  57. ↑ "Abba Poemen the Shepherd" (in en-US). https://www.windministries.ca/blog/abba-poemen-the-shepherd. 
  58. ↑ "Serbian Orthodox Church - Our Holy Father Isidore of Pelusium". http://serbianorthodoxchurch.net/cgi-bin/saints.cgi?view=124325126341. 
  59. ↑ "Council of Chalcedon | Description, History, & Significance | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Chalcedon. 
  60. ↑ "ANE TODAY - 201507 - Egyptian Monasticism: The Growth of the Solitary Life" (in en-US). https://www.asor.org/anetoday/2015/07/egyptian-monasticism-the-growth-of-the-solitary-life/. 
  61. ↑ "The Vandal Sack Of Rome (455) - About History" (in en-US). https://about-history.com/the-vandal-sack-of-rome-455/. 
  62. ↑ "Saint Simeon Stylites | Biography & Facts | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Simeon-Stylites. 
  63. ↑ "Saint Benedict | Biography, Rule, Patron Saint Of, Death, & Facts | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Benedict-of-Nursia. 
  64. ↑ "THE MONASTERY OF "MAR SABA"" (in en-US). https://www.bethlehem.edu/2020/03/02/the-monastery-of-mar-saba/. 
  65. ↑ "Saint Catherine's Monastery | Location, History, & Facts | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Saint-Catherines-Monastery. 
  66. ↑ Chryssavgis, John (2008). In the Heart of the Desert The Spirituality of the Desert Fathers and Mothers : with a Translation of Abba Zosimas' Reflections. World Wisdom, Incorporated. ISBN 9781933316567. https://www.google.es/books/edition/In_the_Heart_of_the_Desert/goeFHFiL2h0C. Retrieved 12 November 2023. 



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