History:Contemporary era

From HandWiki

Contemporary Era refers to the current era of history which includes the present day; this is based purely on the literal meaning of this phrase. There is no one official designation for this era; it is simply based upon common consensus and common usage amongst various sources or authorities.

Desginations

World history

Some of the actual designations that can be used for the current period in world history can include those listed below.

  • The Holocene[1][2] is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years before present, after the last glacial period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat.[3] The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene[4] together form the Quaternary period. The Holocene has been identified with the current warm period, known as MIS 1. It is considered by some to be an interglacial period within the Pleistocene Epoch, called the Flandrian interglacial.[5] The Holocene corresponds with the rapid proliferation, growth and impacts of the human species worldwide, including all of its written history, technological revolutions, development of major civilizations, and overall significant transition towards urban living in the present.
  • The Information Age (also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age) is a historical period that began in the mid-20th century, characterized by a rapid epochal shift from traditional industry established by the Industrial Revolution to an economy primarily based upon information technology.[6][7][8] The onset of the Information Age has been associated with the development of the transistor in 1947 and optical amplifier in 1957, the basis of computing and fiber optic communications.[9] According to the United Nations Public Administration Network, the Information Age was formed by capitalizing on computer microminiaturization advances,[10] which led to modernized information and communication upon broader usage within society becoming the driving force of social evolution.[7]
  • The Post–Cold War era is a period of history that follows the end of the Cold War, which represents history after the 1991 fall of the Soviet Union. The People's Republic of China, which had started to move towards capitalism in the late 1970s and faced public anger after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 in Beijing, moved even more quickly towards free-market economics in the 1990s. Stock markets were established in Shenzhen and Shanghai in late 1990 as well. Restrictions on car ownership were loosened in the early 1990s and caused the bicycle to decline as a form of transport by 2000. After the end of the Cold War, communism ended also in Mongolia, Congo, Albania, Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, and Angola. Now, only five countries in the world are still ruled by communist single parties: China , Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam. Many other Third World countries had seen involvement from the United States and/or the Soviet Union but solved their political conflicts because of the removal of the ideological interests of those superpowers.[11] As a result of the apparent victory of democracy and capitalism in the Cold War, many more countries adapted these systems, which also allowed them access to the benefits of global trade, as economic power became more prominent than military power in the international arena.[11] However, as the United States maintained global power, its role in many regime changes during the Cold War went mostly officially unacknowledged, even when some, such as El Salvador and Argentina, resulted in extensive human rights violations.[12]
  • The Globalization Era. Since the 1980s, modern globalization has spread rapidly through the expansion of capitalism and neoliberal ideologies.[13] The implementation of neoliberal policies has allowed for the privatization of public industry, deregulation of laws or policies that interfered with the free flow of the market, as well as cut-backs to governmental social services.[14] These neoliberal policies were introduced to many developing countries in the form of structural adjustment programs (SAPs) that were implemented by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).[13] These programs required that the country receiving monetary aid would open its markets to capitalism, privatize public industry, allow free trade, cut social services like healthcare and education and allow the free movement of giant multinational corporations.[15] These programs allowed the World Bank and the IMF to become global financial market regulators that would promote neoliberalism and the creation of free markets for multinational corporations on a global scale.[16]
With a population of 1.4 billion, China is the world's second-largest economy.
The migration and movement of people can also be highlighted as a prominent feature of the globalization process. In the period between 1965 and 1990, the proportion of the labor force migrating approximately doubled. Most migration occurred between the developing countries and least developed countries (LDCs).[17] As economic integration intensified workers moved to areas with higher wages and most of the developing world oriented toward the international market economy. The collapse of the Soviet Union not only ended the Cold War's division of the world – it also left the United States its sole policeman and an unfettered advocate of free market.[according to whom?] It also resulted in the growing prominence of attention focused on the movement of diseases, the proliferation of popular culture and consumer values, the growing prominence of international institutions like the UN, and concerted international action on such issues as the environment and human rights.[18]
Other developments as dramatic were the Internet's becoming influential in connecting people across the world; (As of June 2012), more than 2.4 billion people—over a third of the world's human population—have used the services of the Internet.[19][20] Growth of globalization has never been smooth. One influential event was the late 2000s recession, which was associated with lower growth (in areas such as cross-border phone calls and Skype usage) or even temporarily negative growth (in areas such as trade) of global interconnectedness.[21][22]

By country

  • Asia
    • Japan. Reiwa[23][24] is the current era of Japan's official calendar. It began on 1 May 2019, the day on which Emperor Akihito's elder son, Naruhito, ascended the throne as the 126th Emperor of Japan. The day before, Emperor Akihito abdicated the Chrysanthemum Throne, marking the end of the Heisei era. The year 2019 corresponds with Heisei 31 from 1 January through 30 April, and with Reiwa 1 (令和元年, Reiwa gannen, 'the first year of Reiwa') from 1 May.[25] The first kanji (令) translates to "order" while the second kanji (和) means both "harmony" and "Japan". The Japan Foreign Ministry explained the meaning of Reiwa to be "beautiful harmony".

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Holocene". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Holocene. Retrieved February 11, 2018. 
  2. ↑ "Holocene". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Holocene. 
  3. ↑ Walker, Mike; Johnsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jorgen-Peder; Gibrard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John et al. (2009). "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records". Journal of Quaternary Science 24 (1): 3–17. doi:10.1002/jqs.1227. Bibcode: 2009JQS....24....3W. http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/Holocene.pdf. 
  4. ↑ Fan, Junxuan; Hou, Xudong. "International Chronostratigraphic Chart". International Commission on Stratigraphy. http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale. 
  5. ↑ Oxford University Press – Why Geography Matters: More Than Ever (book) – "Holocene Humanity" section https://books.google.com/books?id=7P0_sWIcBNsC
  6. ↑ Zimmerman, Kathy Ann (September 7, 2017). "History of Computers: A Brief Timeline". https://www.livescience.com/20718-computer-history.html. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "The History of Computers". https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-computers-4082769. 
  8. ↑ "The 4 industrial revolutions". February 23, 2017. https://www.sentryo.net/the-4-industrial-revolutions/. 
  9. ↑ Grobe, Klaus; Eiselt, Michael (2013). Wavelength Division Multiplexing: A Practical Engineering Guide. John T Wiley & Sons. p. 2. 
  10. ↑ Kluver, Randy. "Globalization, Informatization, and Intercultural Communication". http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan002006.htm. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Ruland, Jurgen (2016-07-22). U.S. Foreign Policy Toward the Third World: A Post–Cold War Assessment. doi:10.4324/9781315497495. ISBN 9781315497495. 
  12. ↑ Bonner, Raymond. "Time for a US Apology to El Salvador | The Nation" (in en-US). The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. https://www.thenation.com/article/time-for-a-us-apology-to-el-salvador/. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lourdes, Benería; Gunseli, Berik; Maria S., Floro (2016). Gender, Development, and Globalization: Economics as if all people mattered.. New York: Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-415-53748-3. 
  14. ↑ Klein, Naomi (2008). The Shock Doctrine. Canada: Vintage. p. 68. 
  15. ↑ Lourdes, Benería; Deere Diana, Carmen; Kabeer, Naila (August 8, 2012). "Gender and International Migration: Globalization, Development and Governance". Feminist Economics 18 (2): 1–33. doi:10.1080/13545701.2012.688998. 
  16. ↑ Rai. "The History of International Development: Concepts and Contexts". Women, Gender and Development Reader: 15. 
  17. ↑ Saggi, Kamal (2002). "Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and International Technology Transfer: A Survey". World Bank Research Observer 17 (2): 191–235. doi:10.1093/wbro/17.2.191. 
  18. ↑ Hunt, Michael H. (2004). The World Transformed 1945 to present. p. 399. 
  19. ↑ "The Open Market Internet Index". Treese.org. 11 November 1995. http://www.treese.org/intindex/95-11.htm. 
  20. ↑ "World Stats". Internet World Stats. Miniwatts Marketing Group. 30 June 2012. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm. 
  21. ↑ "Signs of life". The Economist. 15 November 2014. https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21632514-despite-some-recent-reversals-there-evidence-globalisation-march. 
  22. ↑ Faiola, Anthony. (2009). "A Global Retreat As Economies Dry Up." The Washington Post, 5 March 2009.
  23. ↑ Takishima, Masako (July 2019). (in ja)The NHK Monthly Report on Broadcast Research 69 (7): 89. ISSN 0288-0008. https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/pdf/20190801_2.pdf. 
  24. ↑ "新元号「令和（れいわ）」 出典は万葉集" (in ja). 1 April 2019. https://mainichi.jp/articles/20190401/k00/00m/010/074000c. 
  25. ↑ "New Japanese imperial era Reiwa takes name from ancient poetry". Reuters. 2019-04-01. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-emperor-idUSKCN1RD13X. 

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