History:Middle Bronze Age migrations (Ancient Near East)

Migrations in Anatolia around 1900 BCE based on older research. According to Mellart, the Hittite migration displaced other peoples living in Anatolia, who in turn displaced the Middle Helladic Greek-speaking peoples to the west. This is contradicted by newer research.

Various outdated theories have postulated waves of migration during the Middle Bronze Age in the Ancient Near East. Drews and Dietrich connect these alleged "mass migrations" with the coming of the Greeks, moving from former settlements into the southern and central Balkans, displacing the former pre-Greek inhabitants of Greece. Mallaart makes reference to a supposed migration of the Hittites to their earliest known home in Kültepe during the same period.

While the turmoils Bronze Age collapse that separate the Late Bronze Age from the Early Iron Age are well documented, theories of migration during the Middle Bronze Age (20th century BCE) have little direct support.

Theories

Various outdated theories have postulated waves of migration during the Middle Bronze Age in the Ancient Near East.

Mellaart (1958)

According to Mellaart, in The End of the Early Bronze Age in Anatolia and the Aegean (1958), for reasons unknown, the Hittites moved into central Asia Minor, conquering the Hattians and later adopting their culture and name. This invasion by the Hittites displaced other peoples living in Anatolia, who in turn displaced the Middle Helladic Greek-speaking peoples to the west. This enforced an exodus from Northwestern Anatolia created a wave of refugees who invaded what is now southern Greece and destroyed the Early Helladic civilization. Yet, more recent theories and evidence suggest that a Proto-Indo-Hittite language dates back to the fourth millennium BCE, prior to the Bronze Age.

According to Mellaart, archaeological evidence shows that the cities of Erzerum, Sivas, Pulur Huyuk near Baiburt, Kultepe near Hafik, and Maltepe near Sivas were destroyed during the Middle Bronze Age. The great trading city of Kanesh (Level II) was also destroyed. From there in the hill country between Halys the destruction layers from this time tell the same story. Karaoglan, Bitik, Polatli and Gordion were burnt, as well as Etiyokusu and Cerkes. Further west near the Dardanelles the two large mounds of Korpruoren and Tavsanli, west of Kutahya, show the same signs of being destroyed.

The destruction even crossed into Europe in what is now Bulgaria. The migration brought an end to Bulgaria's Early Bronze Age, with archaeological evidence showing that the Yunacite, Salcutza, and Esero centers had a sudden mass desertion during this time.

From the Dardanelles, the refugee invaders moved into mainland Greece, and the Peloponnese saw burnt and abandoned cities on par with the much later Dorian invasion which destroyed the Mycenaean civilization. At this time, 1900 BC, destruction layers can be found at southern Greek sites like Orchomenos, Eutresis, Hagios Kosmas, Raphina, Apesokari, Korakou, Zygouries, Tiryns, Asine, Malthi and Asea. Many other sites are deserted, e.g. Yiriza, Synoro, Ayios Gerasimos, Kophovouni, Makrovouni, Palaiopyrgos, etc. This destruction across Greece also coincided with the arrival of a new culture that had no connection with the Early Helladic civilization, who were the original inhabitants. Northern Greece escaped destruction, as well as southern Anatolia, which during this time showed no disturbances.

Minyan ware

Gray Minyan ware was first identified as the pottery introduced by this mass movement of new populations into southern Greece around 1900 BC. However, this theory was disproved in the 1950s when excavations at Lerna showed that Minyan ware had a predecessor in the preceding Early Helladic III Tiryns culture. The advent of Minyan ware coincides with domestic processes reflective of the smooth transition from Early to Middle Bronze Age culture.

Genetical research

Lazaridis et al. (2017) researched the genetical origins of the Greeks. They found that the ancient Mycenaean and Minoan populations were highly similar, but not identical, and that "the Minoans and Mycenaeans descended mainly from early Neolithic farmers, likely migrating thousands of years prior to the Bronze Age from Anatolia, in what is today modern Turkey." According to Lazaridis, "Minoans, Mycenaeans, and modern Greeks also had some ancestry related to the ancient people of the Caucasus, Armenia, and Iran. This finding suggests that some migration occurred in the Aegean and southwestern Anatolia from further east after the time of the earliest farmers." Lazaridis et al. (2017) further state that "the Mycenaeans differed from Minoans in deriving additional ancestry from an ultimate source related to the hunter–gatherers of eastern Europe and Siberia, introduced via a proximal source related to the inhabitants of either the Eurasian steppe or Armenia."

See also

• Bronze Age Greece
• Bronze Age Anatolia

Sources

Printed sources

• Caskey, John L. (July–September 1960). "The Early Helladic Period in the Argolid". Hesperia 29 (3): 285–303. doi:10.2307/147199. 
• Dietrich, Bernard Clive (1974). The Origins of Greek Religion. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-003982-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=eQO7haySEe8C. 
• Drews, Robert (1994). The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02951-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=fcVIcaJxgdUC. 
• Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen; Gadd, C.J.; Hammond, N.G.L. (1971). The Cambridge Ancient History (Volume II, Part I): The Early History of the Middle East. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52-107791-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=slR7SFScEnwC. 
• French, D.M. (1973). "Migrations and 'Minyan' pottery in western Anatolia and the Aegean". Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Press. pp. 51–57. 
• Lazaridis, Iosif et al. (2017). "Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans". Nature 548 (7666). doi:10.1038/nature23310. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318862250_Genetic_origins_of_the_Minoans_and_Mycenaeans. Retrieved 7 November 2017.  "Supplementary Information. Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans". https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/nature23310-s1_0.pdf. Retrieved 7 November 2017. .
• Mellaart, James (January 1958). "The End of the Early Bronze Age in Anatolia and the Aegean". American Journal of Archaeology 62 (1): 9–33. doi:10.2307/500459. 
• Pullen, Daniel (2008). "The Early Bronze Age in Greece". in Shelmerdine, Cynthia W.. The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–46. ISBN 978-0-521-81444-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=dF40qLIJlAkC. 
• Steadman, Sharon R.; McMahon, Gregory (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: 10,000-323 BCE. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537614-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=7ND_CE9If3kC. 

Web-sources