Informality
From HandWiki
Informality (unwritten rules, open secrets, hidden practices) is the social and cultural complexity associated with non-transparency of social phenomena for the outsiders.[1] Informality is often used for unplanned settlements[2] as well as shadow, second and covert economies.[3][4] Informality is linked to poverty, underdevelopment, oppressive regimes, socialism and communism[5], but in fact informal practices are central for the functioning of every society[6]. Old boy network, caffè sospeso, cash for access, astroturfing and kompromat are just a few examples of the various techniques and the geography of informality. The Global Encyclopedia of Informality[7] consists of more than 200 entries from five continents.[8]
References
- ↑ "Global Informality Project". http://www.in-formality.com/wiki/index.php?title=Global_Informality_Project. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
- ↑ Hart, Keith (1973). "Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana". Journal of Modern African Studies 11 (1): 61–89. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00008089.
- ↑ Academy of Management 2012 Program Theme: The Informal Economy. "Error: no
|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://aom.org/Meetings/annualmeeting/past-meetings/theme2012.aspx. Retrieved 7 April 2019. - ↑ Godfrey, Paul C. (2011). "Toward a Theory of the Informal Economy". Academy of Management Annals 5 (1): 231–277. doi:10.5465/19416520.2011.585818.
- ↑ "Informal Practices in Post-Communist Societies". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_FoKjiIgBQ. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
- ↑ "Global Informality Project". http://www.in-formality.com/wiki/index.php?title=Global_Informality_Project. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
- ↑ Ledeneva, Alena (2018-01-17). The Global Encyclopaedia of Informality (Volume I ed.). ISBN 9781911307907. https://www.uclpress.co.uk/products/86227.
- ↑ Ledeneva, Alena (2018-01-17). The Global Encyclopaedia of Informality (Volume II ed.). ISBN 9781787351899. https://www.uclpress.co.uk/products/98242. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
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