Katiba des Narvalos

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The Katiba des Narvalos (from Arabic "Katiba"="battalion" and Romani or French slang "Narvalo"="mad") is a non-partisan collective constituted from citizens from all venues of life, dedicated to fighting jihadism on social networks and more generally on the Internet.[1][2] Their tactics comprise parody, as to discredit jihadist propaganda; surveying and reporting offending accounts; and infiltrating cyber-jihadist networks as to prevent terrorist attacks.[3]

Background

Islamic State (aka "ISIS" or "Daesh") strategists state that at least half of their fight is being waged in the media,[4][5] especially on social networks,[6] and that "cyber-jihadists" are both fighters and propagandists.[7]

The Islamic State fields an elaborate media strategy[8][9] based on extreme cruelty,[10] high technical expertise[11][12] and psychological manipulation.[4] Its aim is to instill fear,[13] encourage violence, and find new recruits.[14][15] This influence is felt far from the front lines, including within the cities of ISIS enemies.

The first cyber-jihadists of the Islamic State depicted themselves as merciless and successful warriors.[16] Between battles, they would share moments of fun (dubbed "lol-jihad")[17] within an idealised proto-state, complete with a booming economy and efficient public services.[18][19]

In the fourth quarter of 2014, jihadist networks comprised at least 50,000 accounts on Twitter, which was their favorite social network at the time.[20][21]

History

First parody accounts

The first French-language parody accounts appeared on Twitter in the summer of 2014,[22][23][24] after ISIS broadcast images of the murder of James Foley.

The aim was to disrupt terrorist propaganda using humour and mockery as means of resilience,[3][25] deconstructing the misleading motive of an invincible jihad in an ideal Caliphate,[26] and oppose the violence of its images.

Humorous effect was obtained by impersonating jihadists of the Iraq-Syria area and using their vocabulary to ridicule and discredit them, or sow discord between them. At the time, there was no straightfoward way to tell parody accounts from those of authentic members of ISIS or Al-Qaeda, and they themselves would sometimes be fooled.[27] Parody tweets used the #TweetCommeAbuUthman hashtag ("Tweet like Abu Uthman", pseudonym of Mickael dos Santos, a very prolific French jihadist propagandist on Twitter at the time).[28] The most famous parody account was Abou Jean René al-Faransi,[4][29] followed by further "Abu" account such as comme Abou Francis al-Israeli, Abou Rico, Abou Dinblanc (a pun on "boudin blanc"), Abou Tantrain (pun on "boute-en-train", French for "funny person"), Abou Jaja, Abou Dner (pun on "à bout de nerfs", French for "at one's wit's end") and Bernard le Lorrain.

Operation of Anonymous against ISIS

Following the January 2015 terrorist attacks, thousands of pro-terrorist messages appeared on Twitter with the hashtags #JeSuisKouachi and #JeSuisCoulibaly, as opposed to #JeSuisCharlie.[30][31]

At the time, French authorities were not very interested in this phenomenon: the official anti-radicalisation website, Stop-djihadisme.gouv.fr, was started three weeks after the attacks and was still in its infancy.[32] On the side of social networks, there was little enthusiasm to suppress jihadist propaganda accounts.[citation needed]

The group Anonymous then launched an operation with the hashtags #OpCharlieHebdo (aimed at French speakers)[33][34] and #OpIceISIS (aimed at English speakers),[35] reinforcing the already-existing #OpISIS[36] as to freeze (or "ice") communication of the terrorist organisation. These operations were undertaken while there was still little action from the authorities against jihadist propaganda on social networks.[37][38]

This series of terrorist attacks thus ended up having a mobilising effect on individual citizens, who organised to push back against armed fundamentalists.[citation needed]

Organisation

Beginning of the group

The Katiba des Narvalos (from Arabic for "battalion" and Romani slang for "madman") emerged from the coalescence of the first anti-ISIS trolls, member of Anonymous taking part in #opCharlieHebdo, and other individual activists.

The Katiba des Narvalos then gained independence from Anonymous, all the while retaining a position of influence within #opISIS.[39]

On 15 February 2015, the Narvalos launched their first deception operation, #DimancheNoir ("black Sunday"). The hashtag #KatibaDesNarvalos first appeared in March 2015, marking the official birth of the group.[3]

Members

Many of the members joined the group after the terrorits attacks of January 2015.[2] The militants, dubbed "Narvalos" (masculine) and "Narvalettes" (feminine) come from all venues of life, all religions and any age, more or less representative of France including its overseas territories.[32] Members are required not to state their political opinions and to teach themselves about the geopolitics of the Middle East, computing and security.

The group is led by an "Emir".[32] The first Emir was Abou Jean-René al-Faransi , succeeded by Abou Tantrain (Jihadi Jean), himself followed by Abd-Charlie in April 2015.[40]

In March 2016, some of the members quit oven ideological disagreements and founded another group.

The Katiba is now organised like an intelligence service,[32] with various security habilitation depending on the domains of competence of the members. Part of the teams work on the surveillance of the Internet and reports offending contents to social networks moderation as to have them removed quickly. Other teams work on investigations and jihadist-hunting all over the world through the Internet.

Ethics

The Katiba des Narvalos has a charter written in French, English and Arabic. Notably, it explicitly states that the Katiba combats jihadist propaganda only, and is not aimed at Islam or Muslims.

Switch from parody to offensive action

Counter-discourse

The Katiba des Narvalos aims at disrupting terrorist propaganda (counter-propaganda) by using various methods such as hijacking the meaning of an image, changing the soundtrack of a propaganda video, copying the voice of a jihadist into a video spot, issuing fake Amaq press releases, spamming jihadist hastags to remove their campaigns from Twitter Trends, etc.[41]

It notably targeted French jihadists Omar Omsen and Rachid Kassim, as well as the Al-Hayat Media Center (main editing and production organ of the Islamic State).

The Controlling Section (CtrlSec) and reporting jihadist accounts on Twitter

The "Controlling Section", named after the London Controlling Section founded in 1941 by Winston Churchill, complements counter-propaganda and parodies.[39][42][43]

Created in March 2015 as a Twitter bot, CtrlSec quickly grew into an independent international group. It surveys accounts that incite to terrorism and reports them in tweets via the account @CtrlSec, so that its followers can mass-report them to Twitter moderators and have them suspended. The daily count of reported accounts in around 500.

Soon after the terrorist attacks of 13 November 2015, the Katiba des Narvalos and Controlling Section worked closely with Ghost Security for a few days.

The Katiba des Narvalos has operated in tandem with CtrlSec[44] since its inception, as well as with independent groups of "hunters" who detect jihadist accounts and report them. According to a survey by CtrlSec on 3 August 2018, they are collectively credited with suspending over 250 000 Twitter accounts.[45] The high effectiveness of the system has been noticed by numerous specialists, such as E.T. Brooking, a researcher in international security policy, who wrote in Foreign Policy:

online activists play an important role in bringing Islamic State supporters to Twitter's attention and review

;[46][47] Jihadism expert Romain Caillet, who stated that "without these Internet users, some jihadist accounts would have 10,000 followers today";[48] and Jean-Luc Marret, researcher at Fondation pour la recherche stratégique, who stated that the Katiba des Narvalos is a "powerful actor against Daech on the Internet.[49]

Due to these propaganda-disrupting activities, the "Cyber" division of ISIS, led by Junaid Hussain, put some members of the group on kill lists.[3]

Extending to further networks

Multilingual survey of jihadist propaganda material has been extended to all sorts of platforms.

In 2016, Internet activities of Daech fighters and propagandists have noticeably receded on Twitter, at least in French language, due to accelerating suspensions of their accounts.[50] They switched to other platforms such as Telegram,[51][52][53] Vimeo, YouTube... Consequently, the Narvalos and Controlling Section have extended their own activities to these networks.[54][55]

Psychological operations

The group has mounted psychological operations aiming at demoralising, deceive and hinder jihadist propagandists.[56]

Jihadist hunting

Some Narvalos have developed more offensive tactics, infiltrating jihadist networks in a manner similar to those of intelligence services. In order to avoid incidents, sensitive Katiba accounts are reported to the DGSI.[32]

In early 2018, an officer of a Security service, specialist of Internet monitoring, testified to Médiapart: "The Katiba put us to shame, that are better than we are. They manage to geolocalise a jhadist form a single photograph. We cannot do that."[3]

Contributions to counter-terrorism

On 1 May 2015, two days before a Muhammad drawing and caricature competition was due to take place in Garland, Texas, Narvalette Khalan Cypher reported an imminent terrorist attack to the police.[25] In the ensuing Curtis Culwell Center attack, the two terrorists were killed.[57][58]

In the following months, cooperation between the Katiba des Narvalos, the Controlling Section and Ghost Security with antiterrorist authorities made it possible to arrest terrorist cells that were preparing attacks in July 2015 in Tunisia[59][60] and New York City [61][62]

In 2017, the Katiba detected a threatening person on Telegram, identified him as Riad Ben Cheikh and geolocalised him at La Réunion, before notifying authorities. The man was arrested a few months afterwards, just as he was about to travel to mainland France, where he was preparing a terrorist attack.[32] Ben Cheikh was sentenced to 4 years in prison for incitation to terrorism and contempt.[63]

By mid-September 2018, the Katiba claimed to have derailed four terrorist attacks in France, identified 20 offenders, contributed to a dozen arrests,[64] and dismantled several networks.[32]

Bibliography

  • L'Observatoire du monde Cybernétique, décembre 2013, « Cyberdjihad : l'apport d'Internet au djihad », p. 4-19, Délégation aux Affaires Stratégiques, Ministère de la Défense : lire en ligne.
  • David Thomson, Les Français jihadistes, 2014, Paris, Les Arènes, 227 p. ; 2e édition, 2016, 300 p.
  • Graeme Wood, « Enquête : ce que veut vraiment l'État islamique », Courrier international, 18 mars 2015, lire en ligne, qui reprend l'essentiel de l'enquête originale parue dans The Atlantic, « What ISIS really wants », 29 janvier 2015.
  • Jean-Marc Lafon, « Le Management de la Sauvagerie », sur kurultay.fr, 21 février 2015, lire en ligne.
  • Romain Mielcarek, Défense et Sécurité Internationale, hors-série n°41, avril-mai 2015, p. 90-4, « État islamique : de la propagande à l'influence », lire en ligne sur le site de l'auteur, avec l'aimable autorisation de DSI.
  • Olivier Moos, « l'État islamique », Cahiers de l’Institut Religioscope, n°13, août 2015, 42 p., lire en ligne.
  • Wassim Nasr, État islamique, le fait accompli, « Tribune du Monde », Plon, 2016, 182 p.
  • Romain Caillet, Pierre Puchot, Le combat vous a été prescrit, Éditions Stock, 2017, 288 p.
  • Matthieu Suc, Les espions de la terreur, HarperCollins, 2018, 490 p.
  • Abou Djaffar, Terrorisme, guérilla, stratégie et autres activités humaines, blog hébergé par Le Monde, 2009–2018, lire en ligne.
  • Scott, Ann (August 2020). La Grâce et les ténèbres. Paris: Calmann-Lévy. pp. 318. ISBN 978-2-02-144104-8. [65]

References

  1. ↑ Joly, Gaële (January 2017). ""Katiba des Narvalos" : rencontre avec une armée d'internautes qui fait la chasse aux jihadistes". France Info. https://www.francetvinfo.fr/economie/medias/charlie-hebdo/katiba-des-narvalos-rencontre-avec-une-armee-d-internautes-qui-fait-la-chasse-aux-jihadistes-sur-internet_2004741.html. Retrieved 21 January 2017. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Alice Maruani (December 2015). "Parodies de Daech : de la déconne et des infiltrés sous VPN". Rue89. http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-internet/20151229.RUE1756/parodies-de-daech-de-la-deconne-et-des-infiltres-sous-vpn.html. Retrieved 21 January 2017. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Suc, Matthieu (18 March 2018). "Ces simples citoyens qui traquent les terroristes". Mediapart. https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/180318/ces-simples-citoyens-qui-traquent-les-terroristes. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Chenu, Guilaine; Joly, Françoise (5 March 2015). "Jihad 2.0 : la guerre de la propagande". Envoyé spécial. https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-magazine/france-2/envoye-special/video-au-coeur-du-jihad-2-0_841551.html. 
  5. ↑ J.-B. Jeangène Vilmer, A. Escorcia, M. Guillaume, J. Herrera (August 2018). Les Manipulations de l'information : un défi pour nos démocraties. p. « En 2005, Ayman al-Zawahiri déclarait : « Nous sommes dans une bataille, et plus de la moitié de cette bataille s’effectue dans les médias. Dans la bataille médiatique, nous luttons pour conquérir les cœurs et les esprits de notre Oumma [la communauté musulmane] », selon Christina Schori Liang, Cyber Jihad: Understanding and Countering Islamic State Propaganda, The Geneva Centre for Security Policy, Policy Paper, février 2015, p. 2 ; référence et citation reprises de ce rapport du Centre d’analyse, de prévision et de stratégie (CAPS) du ministère de l’Europe et des Affaires étrangères et de l’Institut de recherche stratégique de l’École militaire (IRSEM) du ministère des Armées, Paris, p, 44. https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/les_manipulations_de_l_information_2__cle04b2b6.pdf. 
  6. ↑ Goetz, Étienne (18 June 2014). "Le djihad de l'EIIL passe aussi par les réseaux sociaux". Slate. https://www.slate.fr/story/88701/djihadistes-eiil-reseaux-sociaux. 
  7. ↑ Delafoi, Florian (4 January 2016). "La propagande, machine de guerre de l'État islamique". Le Temps. https://www.letemps.ch/monde/2016/01/04/propagande-machine-guerre-islamique. 
  8. ↑ Verner, Robin (5 February 2016). "Pourquoi les journalistes doivent lire Dabiq, la revue de l'État islamique". Slate. https://www.slate.fr/story/113483/il-faut-lire-dabiq.  du même auteur (6 September 2016). "On a lu Rumiyah, la nouvelle revue de propagande de l'État islamique". Slate. https://www.slate.fr/story/88701/djihadistes-eiil-reseaux-sociaux.  également (3 August 2016). "Pourquoi la propagande de l'EI s'adresse aux BAC +5 occidentaux?". Slate. https://www.slate.fr/story/121713/propagande-daech-bac-5-occidentaux. 
  9. ↑ Zerrouky, Madjid (27 November 2014). "Le changement de stratégie de l'EI sur Internet". Le Monde. https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2014/11/27/le-changement-de-strategie-en-ligne-des-djihadistes-de-l-etat-islamique_4528428_4408996.html. 
  10. ↑ Toscer, Olivier (7 March 2015). "Daech, la propagande de la terreur". L'Obs. https://teleobs.nouvelobs.com/actualites/20150304.OBS3861/daech-la-propagande-de-la-terreur.html. 
  11. ↑ Nonfiction; Emel, Maryse (8 January 2017). "Analyser les vidéos de Daech comme du cinéma est une erreur". Slate. https://www.slate.fr/story/133526/videos-daech-cinema. 
  12. ↑ "Attentats de Paris : dans une vidéo, Daech met en scène les terroristes du 13 novembre". L'Obs. 25 January 2016. https://www.nouvelobs.com/attentats-terroristes-a-paris/20160125.OBS3286/attentats-de-paris-dans-une-video-daech-met-en-scene-les-terroristes-du-13-novembre.html. 
  13. ↑ "Comment la propagande de daech est-elle organisée ?". Stop-djihadisme.gouv.fr. 2018. http://www.stop-djihadisme.gouv.fr/terrorisme-djihadiste/djihadisme/comment-propagande-daech-est-elle-organisee. Retrieved 19 January 2021. 
  14. ↑ Berger, J.M. (19 September 2016). "Comment Daech s'inspire des fictions dystopiennes modernes pour sa propagande". Slate. https://www.slate.fr/story/123277/daech-spectacle-dystopie. 
  15. ↑ Berger, J.M. (22 November 2015). ""Le management de la sauvagerie": le livre qui a inspiré l'État islamique dans son expansion par la violence extrême". Atlantico. http://www.atlantico.fr/decryptage/management-sauvagerie-livre-qui-inspire-etat-islamique-dans-expansion-violence-extreme-hosham-dawod-2456629.html. 
  16. ↑ Marret, Jean-Luc (18 March 2013). "Les trois défis de l'antiterrorisme". Le Monde. https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2013/03/18/les-trois-defis-de-l-antiterrorisme_1850013_3232.html. 
  17. ↑ Mathieu, Luc (31 March 2014). "Français en Syrie : entre massacre et "LOL jihad".". Libération. http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2014/03/31/francais-en-syrie-entre-massacre-et-lol-jihad_992112. 
  18. ↑ Ronfaut, Lucie (11 October 2016). "La surprenante communication de l'État islamique sur les réseaux sociaux". Le Figaro. http://www.lefigaro.fr/secteur/high-tech/2014/08/25/01007-20140825ARTFIG00032-la-surprenante-communication-de-l-etat-islamique-sur-les-reseaux-sociaux.php. 
  19. ↑ Vilars, Timothée (11 October 2016). "Syrie : la propagande de Daech est en plein effondrement". Libération. https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/guerre-en-syrie/20161011.OBS9644/syrie-la-propagande-de-daech-est-en-plein-effondrement.html. 
  20. ↑ "Dans la " djihadosphère ", on célèbre " la conquête de Paris "". Le Monde. 21 January 2015. https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2015/01/08/sur-les-reseaux-sociaux-la-djihadosphere-celebre-la-conquete-de-paris_4551761_3224.html. 
  21. ↑ "Comment l'Etat islamique a réorganisé son armée numérique sur Twitter" (in fr-FR). Le Monde.fr. 28 March 2015. https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2015/03/28/comment-l-etat-islamique-a-reorganise-son-armee-numerique-sur-twitter_4602551_4408996.html. Retrieved 2018-09-28. 
  22. ↑ Janinet, Sophie (12 December 2014). "Les trolls, nouvel ennemi de l'État islamique". Les Inrockuptibles. https://www.lesinrocks.com/2014/12/12/actualite/les-trolls-nouvel-ennemi-de-letat-islamique-11540805/. 
  23. ↑ "La parodie, nouvelle arme contre l'État islamique ?". Arrêt sur images. 12 December 2014. https://beta.arretsurimages.net/articles/la-parodie-nouvelle-arme-contre-letat-islamique-france-info. Retrieved 19 January 2021. 
  24. ↑ "Ils parodient la propagande de l'État islamique sur les réseaux sociaux". France Info. 27 December 2014. https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/proche-orient/offensive-jihadiste-en-irak/video-ils-parodient-la-propagande-de-l-etat-islamique-sur-les-reseaux-sociaux_782899.html. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Yann Barthès, Yann (17 January 2017). "A la rencontre des chasseurs de djihadistes". Quotidien. https://www.tf1.fr/tmc/quotidien-avec-yann-barthes/videos/a-rencontre-chasseurs-de-djihadistes.html. 
  26. ↑ Dekimpe, Valerie (14 October 2016). "Des déserteurs de l'État islamique témoignent: "N'y allez pas, vous allez le regretter"". Slate. http://www.slate.fr/story/125969/deserteurs-etat-islamique-temoignent-vecu. 
  27. ↑ Bertrand, Yann (9 December 2014). "Daech : la parodie contre la barbarie". Radio France. https://www.francetvinfo.fr/sciences/high-tech/daech-la-parodie-contre-la-barbarie_1708995.html. 
  28. ↑ Seelow, Soren (19 November 2014). "Mickael Dos Santos, du BEP peinture au djihad". Le Monde. https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2014/11/19/michael-dos-santos-du-bep-peinture-au-djihad_4526076_3224.html. 
  29. ↑ "" Les tourner en dérision "". Le Parisien. 26 December 2014. http://www.leparisien.fr/espace-premium/actu/les-tourner-en-derision-26-12-2014-4400391.php. 
  30. ↑ Payne, Samantha (13 January 2015). "#JesuisKouachi: Charlie Hebdo terrorists' fan club enrages French." (in en). International Business Times. http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/jesuiskouachi-charlie-hebdo-terrorists-fan-club-enrage-french-jews-1483235. 
  31. ↑ "Des réseaux sociaux incontrôlables.". Le Parisien. 12 January 2015. http://www.leparisien.fr/espace-premium/fait-du-jour/des-reseaux-sociaux-incontrolables-12-01-2015-4438577.php. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 Wintrebert, Hugo (14 February 2020). "Ils combattent Daech depuis leur chambre". Le Parisien Magazine. https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/terrorisme-ces-anonymes-qui-traquent-les-djihadistes-de-daech-sur-internet-15-02-2020-8260242.php. 
  33. ↑ Colombain, Jérôme (12 January 2015). "Cyberdjihadisme et cyberrésistance". Radio France. https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/nouveau-monde/cyberdjihadisme-et-cyberresistance_1769487.html. 
  34. ↑ Lausson, Julien (8 January 2015). "Des Anonymous veulent venger Charlie Hebdo". Numerama. https://www.numerama.com/magazine/31810-anonymous-charlie-hebdo.html. 
  35. ↑ Cuthbertson, Anthony (31 March 2015). "Inside the Isis 'social media war machine' tracking 25,000 terrorist Twitter accounts" (in en). International Business Times. http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/inside-isis-social-media-war-machine-tracking-25000-terrorist-twitter-accounts-1494206. 
  36. ↑ "Anonymous is publishing the personal details of suspected extremists, in revenge for the Paris attacks" (in en-GB). The Independent. 17 November 2015. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/paris-attacks-anonymous-operation-isis-activists-begin-leaking-details-of-suspected-extremist-a6737291.html. Retrieved 2018-09-27. 
  37. ↑ Fontvieille, Simon; Thomasset, Flore (10 February 2015). "Djihad, jusqu'où peut aller la contre-propagande ?". La Croix. https://www.la-croix.com/Actualite/France/Djihad-jusqu-ou-peut-aller-la-contre-propagande-2015-02-10-1278983. 
  38. ↑ Guibert, Nathalie (4 February 2015). "Contre l'État islamique, l'armée active une cellule de contre-propagande". Le Monde. https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2015/02/04/contre-l-etat-islamique-l-armee-active-une-cellule-de-contre-propagande_4569237_3210.html. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Brooking, E.T. (21 December 2015). "Les Anonymous contre l'État islamique". Slate. https://www.slate.fr/story/110691/anonymous-contre-daech. 
  40. ↑ "Enquêteurs ou observateurs : ce qu'ils cherchent dans la tête des djihadistes". I-Télé. 26 January 2016. http://www.cnews.fr/monde/video/enqueteurs-ou-observateurs-ce-quils-cherchent-dans-la-tete-des-djihadistes-151432. 
  41. ↑ "" Imagine ", un exemple de contre-propagande djihadiste" (in fr-FR). http://www.guerres-influences.com/imagine-etat-islamique-contre-propagande-katiba-narvalos/. 
  42. ↑ Varagur, Krithika (13 October 2016). "This Twitter Collective Takes On ISIS One Account At A Time" (in en). HuffPost. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/krithika-varagur/this-twitter-collective-t_b_12466194.html. 
  43. ↑ Gladstone, Rick (24 March 2015). "Behind a Veil of Anonymity, Online Vigilantes Battle the Islamic State" (in en). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/25/world/middleeast/behind-a-veil-of-anonymity-online-vigilantes-battle-the-islamic-state.html. 
  44. ↑ "Bourdin Direct". Bourdin Direct. January 2017. http://rmc.bfmtv.com/mediaplayer/audio/rmc-0401-bourdin-direct-4h30-6h-362886.html. Retrieved 30 March 2018. 
  45. ↑ "CtrlSec on Twitter" (in fr). Twitter. 3 October 2018. https://twitter.com/CtrlSec/status/1047203738795069445. Retrieved 2018-10-05. 
  46. ↑ Brooking, E. T.. "Anonymous vs. the Islamic State" (in en). https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/11/13/anonymous-hackers-islamic-state-isis-chan-online-war/. 
  47. ↑ Cottee, Simon (2015-10-08). "Can Cyber Activists Chase ISIS off Twitter?" (in en-US). The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/10/anonymous-activists-isis-twitter/409312/. Retrieved 2018-09-27. 
  48. ↑ (in fr) Djihadisme : l'armée de l'ombre des réseaux sociaux. 2017-01-03. https://www.laprovence.com/article/faits-divers-justice/4264421/djihadisme-larmee-de-lombre-des-reseaux-sociaux.html. Retrieved 2018-09-27. 
  49. ↑ Marret, Jean-Luc (March 2018). "Jean-Luc Marret : " Doit-on interdire le salafisme ? "". Le Monde. https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2018/03/26/jean-luc-marret-doit-on-interdire-le-salafisme_5276527_3232.html. 
  50. ↑ Tual, Morgane (18 August 2016). "Twitter dit avoir supprimé 235 000 comptes de propagande terroriste en six mois". Le Monde. https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2016/08/18/twitter-affirme-avoir-supprime-235-000-comptes-de-propagande-terroriste-en-six-mois_4984673_4408996.html. 
  51. ↑ Garcia, Victor (1 October 2016). "Comment Telegram est devenu le réseau préféré des djihadistes". L'Express. https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/comment-telegram-est-devenu-le-reseau-prefere-des-djihadistes_1833181.html. 
  52. ↑ "Telegram, un outil de discussion prisé des djihadistes… mais pas seulement". Le Monde. 29 July 2016. https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2016/07/29/telegram-un-outil-de-discussion-prise-des-djihadistes-mais-pas-seulement_4976364_4408996.html. 
  53. ↑ "Telegram, l'application favorite des djihadistes de l'État islamique". Le Point. 19 November 2015. http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/telegram-l-application-favorite-des-djihadistes-de-l-etat-islamique-19-11-2015-1983209_23.php. 
  54. ↑ "Katiba des Narvalos on Twitter" (in fr). Twitter. 16 September 2018. https://twitter.com/KatNarv/status/1041432941212196869. Retrieved 2018-09-27. 
  55. ↑ "Katiba des Narvalos on Twitter" (in fr). Twitter. 19 September 2018. https://twitter.com/KatNarv/status/1042469096783273984. Retrieved 2018-10-05. 
  56. ↑ "KatNarvOSS on Twitter" (in fr). Twitter. 27 March 2018. https://twitter.com/KatNarvOSS/status/978716516064604160. Retrieved 2018-09-27. 
  57. ↑ Keating, Joshua (6 May 2015). "La fusillade du Texas prouve que l'État islamique gagne en influence". Slate. https://www.slate.fr/story/101275/fusillade-texas-etat-islamique-influence. 
  58. ↑ "Fusillade près de Dallas lors d'une exposition de caricatures de Mahomet" (in fr). Le Figaro. 6 May 2015. https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2015/05/04/01003-20150504ARTFIG00003-deux-morts-a-dallas-lors-d-une-exposition-de-caricatures-de-mahomet.php. 
  59. ↑ Manenti, Boris (12 February 2016). "Contre Daech, la drôle de guerre des Anonymous". L'Obs. https://www.nouvelobs.com/tech/20160210.OBS4376/contre-daech-la-drole-de-guerre-des-anonymous.html. 
  60. ↑ Marissal, Pierric (24 November 2015). "Une guerre virtuelle aux conséquences bien réelles". L'Humanité. https://www.humanite.fr/une-guerre-virtuelle-aux-consequences-bien-reelles-590573. 
  61. ↑ Cuthbertson, Anthony (22 July 2015). "Anonymous affiliate GhostSec thwarts Isis terror plots in New York and Tunisia" (in en). International Business Times. http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/anonymous-affiliate-ghostsec-thwarts-isis-terror-plots-new-york-tunisia-1512031. 
  62. ↑ "Ghost Security Hackers, Offshoot Of 'Anonymous,' Claim They Disrupted ISIS Attack By Intercepting Twitter Messages". International Business Times. 2015-09-01. http://www.ibtimes.com/ghost-security-hackers-offshoot-anonymous-claim-they-disrupted-isis-attack-2077993. Retrieved 2018-09-27. 
  63. ↑ "Le sulfureux Riad Ben Cheikh prend 4 ans" (in fr). Clicanoo.re. 24 August 2018. https://www.clicanoo.re/Faits-Divers/Article/2018/08/24/Le-sulfureux-Riad-Ben-Cheikh-prend-4-ans_545802. Retrieved 2018-09-27. 
  64. ↑ "Katiba des Narvalos on Twitter" (in fr). Twitter. 16 September 2018. https://twitter.com/KatNarv/status/1041432951295275008. Retrieved 2018-09-27. 
  65. ↑ "Présentation du livre "La Grâce et les ténèbres" d'Ann Scott par son éditrice". Chaîne Calmann-Levy sur Youtube. June 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i78VRFPlims. 

Annexes

See also

  • Internet activism
  • cyberjihadism
  • Ghost Security
  • Use of social media by the Islamic State

External links



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