Lazard's universal ring
In mathematics, Lazard's universal ring is a ring introduced by Michel Lazard in (Lazard 1955) over which the universal commutative one-dimensional formal group law is defined. There is a universal commutative one-dimensional formal group law over a universal commutative ring defined as follows. We let
- [math]\displaystyle{ F(x,y) }[/math]
be
- [math]\displaystyle{ x+y+\sum_{i,j} c_{i,j} x^i y^j }[/math]
for indeterminates [math]\displaystyle{ c_{i,j} }[/math], and we define the universal ring R to be the commutative ring generated by the elements [math]\displaystyle{ c_{i,j} }[/math], with the relations that are forced by the associativity and commutativity laws for formal group laws. More or less by definition, the ring R has the following universal property:
- For every commutative ring S, one-dimensional formal group laws over S correspond to ring homomorphisms from R to S.
The commutative ring R constructed above is known as Lazard's universal ring. At first sight it seems to be incredibly complicated: the relations between its generators are very messy. However Lazard proved that it has a very simple structure: it is just a polynomial ring (over the integers) on generators of degree 1, 2, 3, ..., where [math]\displaystyle{ c_{i,j} }[/math] has degree [math]\displaystyle{ (i+j-1) }[/math]. Daniel Quillen (1969) proved that the coefficient ring of complex cobordism is naturally isomorphic as a graded ring to Lazard's universal ring. Hence, topologists commonly regrade the Lazard ring so that [math]\displaystyle{ c_{i,j} }[/math] has degree [math]\displaystyle{ 2(i+j-1) }[/math], because the coefficient ring of complex cobordism is evenly graded.
References
- Adams, J. Frank (1974), Stable homotopy and generalised homology, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-00524-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=6vG13YQcPnYC
- Lazard, Michel (1955), "Sur les groupes de Lie formels à un paramètre", Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France 83: 251–274, doi:10.24033/bsmf.1462
- Lazard, Michel (1975), Commutative formal groups, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, 443, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/BFb0070554, ISBN 978-3-540-07145-7
- Quillen, Daniel (1969), "On the formal group laws of unoriented and complex cobordism theory", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 75 (6): 1293–1298, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1969-12401-8
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