List of average human height worldwide
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Short description: Wikimedia list article
Below are average adult human heights by country or geographical region. The original studies and sources should be consulted for details on methodology and the exact populations measured, surveyed, or considered.
As with any statistical data, the accuracy of such data may be questionable for various reasons:
- Some studies may allow subjects to self-report values. Generally speaking, self-reported height tends to be taller than its measured height, although the overestimation of height depends on the reporting subject's height, age, gender and region.[1][2][3][4]
- Test subjects may have been invited instead of chosen at random, resulting in sampling bias.
- Some countries may have significant height gaps between different regions. For instance, one survey shows there is 10.8 cm (4 1⁄2 in) gap between the tallest state and the shortest state in Germany.[5] Under such circumstances, the mean height may not represent the total population unless sample subjects are appropriately taken from all regions with using weighted average of the different regional groups.
- Different social groups can show different mean height. According to a study in France, executives and professionals are 2.6 cm (1 in) taller, and university students are 2.55 cm (1 in) taller[6] than the national average.[7] As this case shows, data taken from a particular social group may not represent a total population in some countries.
- A relatively small sample of the population may have been measured, which makes it uncertain whether this sample accurately represents the entire population.
- The height of persons can vary over the course of a day, due to factors such as a height decrease from exercise done directly before measurement (i.e. inversely correlated), or a height increase since lying down for a significant period of time (i.e. positively correlated). For example, one study revealed a mean decrease of 1.54 centimetres (0.61 in) in the heights of 100 children from getting out of bed in the morning to between 4 and 5 p.m. that same day.[8] Such factors may not have been controlled in some of the studies.
Data is representative of the majority of the country or region's adult population.[lower-alpha 1]
Note: Letters in grey indicate non-measured height.
Country/Region | Average male height | Average female height | Stature ratio (male to female) |
Sample population / age range |
Share of pop. over 18 covered[9][10][11] |
Methodology | Year | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albania | 174.0 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 161.8 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 20–29 (N= m:649 f:1,806) | 23.5% | Measured | 2008–2009 | [12][13] |
Argentina | N/A | 159.6 cm (5 ft 3 in) | N/A | 19–49 | 60.4% | Measured | 2004–2005 | [14] |
Argentina | 174.46 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 161.01 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | Healthy, 18 (N= m:90 f:97, SD= m:7.43 cm (3 in) f:6.99 cm (3 in)) | 2.9% | Measured | 1998–2001 | [15] |
Armenia | N/A | 158.1 cm (5 ft 2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:4,218, SD= f:5.7 cm (2 in)) | 48.6% | Self-reported | 2005 | [16] |
Australia | 175.6 cm (5 ft 9 in) | 161.8 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | 18+ | 100.0% | Measured | 2011–2012 | [17] |
Australia | 177.8 cm (5 ft 10 in) | 163.8 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | 18–24 | 12.4% | Measured | 2011–2012 | [17] |
Austria | 179 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | 166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 20–49 | 54.3% | Measured | 2006 | [18] |
Austria | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) | 167 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 20–24 | 7.7% | Measured | 2006 | [18] |
Austria | 178.80 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 1.07 | 30–34 | 7.8% | Estimates | 1976–1980 | [19] |
Austria | 179.2 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | 167.6 cm (5 ft 6 in) | 1.07 | 21 (N= m:53 f:69, SD= m:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.6 cm (2 in)) | 1.5% | Self-reported | 2001 | [20] |
Azerbaijan | 171.8 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 165.4 cm (5 ft 5 in) | 1.04 | 16+ | 106.5% | Measured | 2005 | [21] |
Bahrain | 165.1 cm (5 ft 5 in) | 154.2 cm (5 ft 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 19+ (N= m:1,120 f:1,181, SD= m:9.0 cm (3 1⁄2 in) f:7.8 cm (3 in)) | 97.7% | Measured | 2002 | [22] |
Bahrain | 171.0 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 156.6 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | 18 | 1.9% | Measured | 2009 | [23][24] |
Bangladesh | N/A | 150.6 cm (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:7,368, SD= f:5.5 cm (2 in)) | 56.2% | Self-reported | 2007 | [16] |
Belgium | 178.70 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | N/A | N/A | 30–34 | 8.1% | Estimates | 1976–1980 | [19] |
Belgium | 178.6 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | 168.1 cm (5 ft 6 in) | 1.06 | 21 (N= m:20–49 f:20–49, SD= m:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.3 cm (2 in)) | 1.7% | Self-reported | 2001 | [20] |
Benin | N/A | 159.3 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:11,015, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 53.5% | Self-reported | 2006 | [16] |
Bolivia | N/A | 151.8 cm (5 ft 0 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:10,302, SD= f:5.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 52.6% | Self-reported | 2003 | [16] |
Bolivia | 160.0 cm (5 ft 3 in) | 142.2 cm (4 ft 8 in) | 1.13 | Aymara, 20–29 | N/A | Measured | 1970 | [25] |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 183.9 cm (6 ft 1⁄2 in) | 171.1 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | Students at UBL,19–32 (N= m:178 f:34, SD= m:7.11 cm (3 in) f:6.56 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 0.4%[26] | Measured | 2014 | [27] |
Brazil | 170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) | 158.8 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 18+ (N= m:62,037 f:65,696) | 100.0% | Measured | 2009 | [28][29] |
Brazil | 173.0 cm (5 ft 8 in) | 161.1 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 20–24 (N= m:8,299 f:7,938) | 13.0% | Measured | 2009 | [28] |
Brazil – Urban | 173.5 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 161.6 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 20–24 (N= m:6,360 f:6,305) | 10.9% | Measured | 2009 | [28] |
Brazil – Rural | 170.9 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 158.9 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 20–24 (N= m:1,939 f:1,633) | 2.1% | Measured | 2009 | [28] |
Bulgaria | 175.2 cm (5 ft 9 in) | 163.2 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2010 | [30] |
Bulgaria – Sofia | 178.1 cm (5 ft 10 in) | 164.8 cm (5 ft 5 in) | 1.08 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2010 | [30] |
Burkina Faso | N/A | 161.6 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:7,337, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 55.5% | Self-reported | 2003 | [16] |
Cambodia | N/A | 152.4 cm (5 ft 0 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:5,081, SD= f:5.4 cm (2 in)) | 52.2% | Self-reported | 2005 | [16] |
Cameroon – Urban | 170.6 cm (5 ft 7 in) | 161.3 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.06 | 15+ (N= m:3,746 f:5,078) | 53.6% | Measured | 2003 | [31] |
Cameroon – Urban | 172.1 cm (5 ft 8 in) | 162.0 cm (5 ft 4 in) | 1.06 | 35-44 (N= m:558 f:1,156) | 8.7% | Measured | 2003 | [31] |
Canada | 175.1 cm (5 ft 9 in) | 162.3 cm (5 ft 4 in) | 1.08 | 18–79 | 94.7% | Measured | 2007–2009 | [32] |
Canada | 176.0 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 163.3 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 25–44 | 36.5% | Measured | 2005 | [3] |
Central African Republic | N/A | 158.9 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:1,408, SD= f:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 50.0% | Self-reported | 1994 | [16] |
Chad | N/A | 162.6 cm (5 ft 4 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:2,393, SD= f:6.4 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 51.9% | Self-reported | 2004 | [16] |
Chile | 169.6 cm (5 ft 7 in) | 156.1 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | 15+ | 107.2% | Measured | 2009–2010 | [33] |
Chile | 171.2 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 157.2 cm (5 ft 2 in) | 1.09 | 25–44 | 41.2% | Measured | 2009–2010 | [33] |
Chile | 171 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 159.1 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 15–24 | 23.7% | Measured | 2009–2010 | [33] |
China | 167.1 cm (5 ft 6 in) | 155.8 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 18+ | 100.0% | Measured | 2012 | [34] |
China | 172.1 cm (5 ft 8 in) | 160.1 cm (5 ft 3 in) | 1.07 | 19 | 2.1% | Measured | 2010 | [35] |
China – Dalian, Liaoning | 177.3 cm (5 ft 10 in) | N/A | N/A | 17–18 (N= m:189) | 0.5% | Measured | 2012 | [36] |
China – Shanghai Municipality | 175.0 cm (5 ft 9 in) | 163.5 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 17 (N= m:197 f:292) | N/A | Measured | 2015 | [37] |
China – Taian, Shandong | 177.0 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 163.8 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 17–18 (N= m:10,105) | N/A | Measured | 2011 | [38] |
China – Yantai, Shandong | 176.6 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 162.5 cm (5 ft 4 in) | 1.09 | 18 (N= m:292 f:304) | 0.5% | Measured | 2014 | [39] |
China – Qingdao, Shandong | 176.8 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | N/A | N/A | 18 | 0.5% | Measured | 2014 | [40] |
China – Ningbo, Zhejiang | 174.0 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 162.0 cm (5 ft 4 in) | 1.07 | 17 | 0.5% | Measured | 2015 | [41] |
China – Beijing Municipality | 177.0 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 163.2 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | Students in the Inner City, 18 | 0.5% | Measured | 2015 | [42] |
China – Heilongjiang Province | 176.1 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 164.2 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | Urban, 19–22 | 13.6% | Measured | 2018 | [43] |
China – Wuhan, Hubei | 173.5 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | N/A | N/A | 18 (N= m:287) | 0.5% | Measured | 2012 | [44] |
China – Xinjiang Province | 176.4 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | N/A | N/A | Han Chinese, 17 (N= m:121) | 0.5% | Measured | 2012 | [45] |
China – Changchun, Jilin | 177.7 cm (5 ft 10 in) | N/A | N/A | 17 | N/A | Measured | 2012 | [36] |
China – Sichuan | 169.2 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) | 158.2 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 20–24 | 0.7%[46] | Measured | 2010 | [47] |
China – Rural | 166.3 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 157.0 cm (5 ft 2 in) | 1.06 | 17 | N/A | Measured | 2002 | [48] |
Colombia | 170.6 cm (5 ft 7 in) | 158.7 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 18–22 (N= m:1,528,875 f:1,468,110) | 14.1% | Measured | 2002 | [49] |
Colombia | N/A | 155.0 cm (5 ft 1 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:22,947, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 55.8% | Self-reported | 2004 | [16] |
Comoros | N/A | 154.8 cm (5 ft 1 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:644, SD= f:5.8 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 49.8% | Self-reported | 1996 | [16] |
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | N/A | 157.7 cm (5 ft 2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:2,727, SD= f:8.0 cm (3 in)) | 52.7% | Self-reported | 2005 | [16] |
Congo, Republic of the | N/A | 159.0 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:3,922, SD= f:8.1 cm (3 in)) | 55.7% | Self-reported | 2007 | [16] |
Croatia | 180.4 cm (5 ft 11 in) | 166.49 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | 18 (N= m:358 f:360, SD= m:6.8 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 1.6% | Measured | 2006–2008 | [50] |
Cuba – Urban | 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) | 156 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 15+ | 79.2% | Measured | 1999 | [51] |
Czech Republic | 180.31 cm (5 ft 11 in) | 167.22 cm (5 ft 6 in) | 1.08 | 17 | 1.6% | Measured | 2001 | [52] |
Denmark | 180.4 cm (5 ft 11 in) | N/A | N/A | Conscripts, 18–20 (N= m:38,025) | 5.3% | Measured | 2012 | [53] |
Denmark | 181.4 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | N/A | N/A | 30 | 1.5% | Estimates | 1976–1980 | [19] |
Denmark | 182.6 cm (6 ft 0 in) | 168.7 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 23 (N= m:–20 f:20–49, SD= m:NA f:7.4 cm (3 in)) | 1.6% | Self-reported | 2001 | [20] |
Dinaric Alps | 185.6 cm (6 ft 1 in) | 171.8 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 17 | N/A | Measured | 2005 | [54] |
Dominican Republic | 172.7 cm (5 ft 8 in) | 159 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:4,763, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 54.8% | Self-reported | 2014 | [55] |
El Salvador | N/A | 160.3 cm (5 ft 3 in) | N/A | 25–49 | 50.9% | Self-reported | 2007 | [16] |
Egypt | 170.3 cm (5 ft 7 in) | 158.9 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 20–24 (N= m:845 f:1,059) | 16.6% | Measured | 2008 | [56] |
Egypt | N/A | 159.5 cm (5 ft 3 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:13,813, SD= f:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 53.2% | Self-reported | 2008 | [16] |
Estonia | 179.1 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | N/A | N/A | 17 | 2.3% | Measured | 2003 | [57] |
Ethiopia | N/A | 157.6 cm (5 ft 2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:3,868, SD= f:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 53.8% | Self-reported | 1997 | [16] |
Europe | 177.6 cm (5 ft 10 in)[58] | N/A | N/A | 17–29[59] | N/A | Measured and Self-reported | 2001–2012 | [12] |
Finland | 178.9 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | 165.3 cm (5 ft 5 in) | 1.08 | 25–34 (N= m/f:2,305) | 19.0% | Measured | 1994 | [60] |
Finland | 180.7 cm (5 ft 11 in) | 167.2 cm (5 ft 6 in) | 1.08 | −25 (N= m/f:26,636) | 9.2% | Measured | 2010–2011 | [60][61] |
Finland | 177.9 cm (5 ft 10 in) | N/A | N/A | 30–34 | 8.4% | Estimates | 1976–1980 | [19] |
France | 175.6 cm (5 ft 9 in) | 162.5 cm (5 ft 4 in) | 1.08 | 18–70 (N= m/f:11,562) | 85.9% | Measured | 2003–2004 | [62][63] |
France | 174.1 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 161.9 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 20+ | 96.6% | Measured | 2001 | [7] |
France | 177.0 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 164.6 cm (5 ft 5 in) | 1.08 | 20–29 | 17.5% | Measured | 2001 | [7] |
France | 176.2 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | N/A | N/A | 30–34 | 8.3% | Estimates | 1976–1980 | [19] |
Gabon | N/A | 158.4 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:1,576, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 52.1% | Self-reported | 2000 | [16] |
Gambia – Rural | 168.0 cm (5 ft 6 in) | 157.8 cm (5 ft 2 in) | 1.06 | 21–49 (N= m:9,559 f:13,160, SD= m:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.6 cm (2 in)) | N/A | Measured | 1950–1974 | [64] |
Germany | 175.4 cm (5 ft 9 in) | 162.8 cm (5 ft 4 in) | 1.08 | 18–79 (N= m/f:19,768) | 94.3% | Measured | 2007 | [5] |
Germany | 178.9 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | 166.1 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 18–37 | 29.2% | Measured | 2007 | [5] |
Germany – Urban[65] | 180.6 cm (5 ft 11 in) | 168.5 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 18–37 | 7.1%[66] | Measured | 2007 | [5] |
Germany | 180.17 cm (5 ft 11 in) | N/A | N/A | 30–34 | 7.2% | Estimates | 1976–1980 | [19] |
Germany | 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) | 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) | 1.08 | 18+ (N= m:25,112 f:25,560) | 100.0% | Self-reported | 2009 | [67] |
Germany | 181 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) | 1.08 | 18–25 (N= m:2,501 f:2,227) | 11.3% | Self-reported | 2009 | [67] |
Ghana | N/A | 159.3 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:2,958, SD= f:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 54.4% | Self-reported | 2008 | [16] |
Ghana | 169.5 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) | 158.5 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 25–29 | 14.7% | Measured | 1987–1989 | [68] |
Greece | 177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) | 1.07 | 18–49 | 56.3% | Measured | 2003 | [18] |
Greece | 177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 20–24 | 8.5% | Measured | 2003 | [18] |
Greece | 178.06 cm (5 ft 10 in) | N/A | N/A | Conscripts, 18–26 (N= m:3,982, SD= m:7.05 cm (3 in)) | 13.7% | Measured | 2006–2007 | [69] |
Greece | 177.29 cm (5 ft 10 in) | N/A | N/A | 30–34 | 9.5% | Estimates | 1976–1980 | [19] |
Greece | 178.3 cm (5 ft 10 in) | 166.6 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 21 (N= m:20–49 f:20–49, SD= m:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.3 cm (2 in)) | 1.8% | Self-reported | 2001 | [20] |
Guatemala | N/A | 147.3 cm (4 ft 10 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:1,773, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 52.3% | Self-reported | 1998 | [16] |
Guinea | N/A | 158.8 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:2,563, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 52.9% | Self-reported | 2005 | [16] |
Haiti | N/A | 158.6 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:2,932, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 52.8% | Self-reported | 2005 | [16] |
Honduras | N/A | 152.0 cm (5 ft 0 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:11,219, SD= f:6.4 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 53.3% | Self-reported | 2005 | [16] |
Hong Kong | 171.7 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 158.7 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 18 (N= m:468 f:453, SD= m:5.5 cm (2 in) f:5.7 cm (2 in)) | 1.4% | Measured | 2006 | [70] |
Hong Kong | 173.4 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 160.1 cm (5 ft 3 in) | 1.08 | University students, 19–20 (N= m:291 f:200, SD= m:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.2 cm (2 in)) | 0.6%[71] | Measured | 2005 | [72] |
Hungary | 176 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | Adults | N/A | Measured | 2000s | [73] |
Hungary | 177.3 cm (5 ft 10 in) | N/A | N/A | 18 (N= m:1,080, SD= m:5.99 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 1.7% | Measured | 2005 | [74] |
India | 164.7 cm (5 ft 5 in) | 151.9 cm (5 ft 0 in) | 1.08 | 20–49 (N= m:69,245 f:118,796) | 69.8% | Measured | 2005–2006 | [75] |
Iceland | 181 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) | 1.08 | 20–49 | 43.6% | Self-reported | 2007 | [18] |
India – Rural | 161.2 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 152.1 cm (5 ft 0 in) | 1.06 | 17+ (SD= m:7.0 cm (3 in) f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 72.1% | Measured | 2007 | [76] |
India | 166.3 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 152.6 cm (5 ft 0 in) | 1.09 | 20 | 3.0% | Predicted | 2005–2006 | [76] |
Indonesia | 158 cm (5 ft 2 in) | 147 cm (4 ft 10 in) | 1.07 | 50+ (N= m:2,041 f:2,396, Median= m:158 cm (5 ft 2 in) f:147 cm (4 ft 10 in)) | 22.5% | Self-reported | 1997 | [77] |
Iran | 170.3 cm (5 ft 7 in) | 157.2 cm (5 ft 2 in) | 1.08 | 21+ (N= m/f:89,532, SD= m:8.05 cm (3 in) f:7.22 cm (3 in)) | 88.1% | Measured | 2005 | [78] |
Iran | 173.4 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 159.8 cm (5 ft 3 in) | 1.09 | 21–25 | 17.9% | Measured | 2005 | [78] |
Iraq – Baghdad | 165.4 cm (5 ft 5 in) | 155.8 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) | 1.06 | 18–44 (N= m:700 f:800, SD= m:5.6 cm (2 in) f:16.0 cm (6 1⁄2 in)) | 76.3% | Measured | 1999–2000 | [79] |
Ireland | 177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) | 1.09 | 20–49 | 61.8% | Measured | 2007 | [18] |
Ireland | 179 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) | 1.10 | 20–24 | 10.4% | Measured | 2007 | [18] |
Ireland | 176.60 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | N/A | N/A | 30 | 1.7% | Estimates | 1976–1980 | [19] |
Ireland | 177.5 cm (5 ft 10 in) | 163.5 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | 21 (N= m:54 f:20–49, SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:7.6 cm (3 in)) | 2.4% | Self-reported | 2001 | [20] |
Israel | 177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 18–21 | 9.7% | Measured | 2010 | [80] |
Italy | 176.5 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 162.5 cm (5 ft 4 in) | 1.09 | 18 | 1.4% | Measured | 1999–2004 | [12][24][81] |
Italy | 174.48 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | N/A | N/A | 30 | 1.6% | Estimates | 1976–1980 | [19] |
Italy | 177.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) | 167.8 cm (5 ft 6 in) | 1.06 | 21 (N= m:106 f:92, SD= m:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 1.4% | Self-reported | 2001 | [20] |
Ivory Coast | 170.1 cm (5 ft 7 in) | 159.1 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 25–29 (SD= m:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.67 cm (2 in)) | 14.6% | Measured | 1985–1987 | [68] |
Ivory Coast | N/A | 159.8 cm (5 ft 3 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:1,600, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 53.4% | Self-reported | 1998 | [16] |
Jamaica | 171.8 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 160.8 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 25–74 | 71.4% | Measured | 1994–1996 | [82] |
Japan | 172 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 158 cm (5 ft 2 in) | 1.08 | 20–49 | 47.2% | Measured | 2005 | [18] |
Japan | 172.0 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 158.70 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 20–24 (N= m:1,708 f:1,559, SD= m:5.42 cm (2 in) f:5.30 cm (2 in)) | 7.2% | Measured | 2004 | [83] |
Japan | 170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) | 158.0 cm (5 ft 2 in) | 1.08 | 17 | 1.2% | Measured | 2013 | [84] |
Jordan | N/A | 158.2 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:4,484, SD= f:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 55.6% | Self-reported | 2007 | [16] |
Kazakhstan | N/A | 159.8 cm (5 ft 3 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:1,600, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 53.7% | Self-reported | 1999 | [16] |
Kenya | 169.6 cm (5 ft 7 in) | N/A | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:1,600, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 53.7% | Summary | 2016 | [85] |
Kenya | N/A | 158.2 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:4,856, SD= f:7.3 cm (3 in)) | 52.5% | Survey | 2016 | [16][85] |
North Korea | 165.6 cm (5 ft 5 in) | 154.9 cm (5 ft 1 in) | 1.07 | Defectors, 20–39 (N= m/f:1,075) | 46.4% | Measured | 2005 | [86] |
South Korea | 170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) | 157.4 cm (5 ft 2 in) | 1.08 | 20+ (N= m:2,750 f:2,445, Median= m:170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) f:157.4 cm (5 ft 2 in), SD= m:6.40 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.99 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 96.5% | Measured | 2010 | [87] |
South Korea | 173.5 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 160.4 cm (5 ft 3 in) | 1.08 | 20–24 (N= m:378 f:298, Median= m:174.0 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) f:160.5 cm (5 ft 3 in), SD= m:5.16 cm (2 in) f:5.26 cm (2 in)) | 8.0% | Measured | 2010 | [87] |
South Korea | 173.0 cm (5 ft 8 in) | N/A | N/A | Conscripts, 18–19 (N= m:339,716) | 3.8% | Measured | 2016 | [88] |
South Korea – Seoul | 173.3 cm (5 ft 8 in) | N/A | N/A | Conscripts, 18–19 (N= m:60,039) | 0.8% | Measured | 2016 | [88] |
Kosovo – Prishtina | 179.52 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | 165.72 cm (5 ft 5 in) | N/A | Conscripts, 18-20 (N= m:830 f:793, SD= m:7.02 cm, f:4.93 cm ) | 63.0% | Measured | 2017 | [89] |
Kyrgyzstan | N/A | 158.0 cm (5 ft 2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:2,424, SD= f:5.8 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 55.4% | Self-reported | 1997 | [16] |
Lesotho | N/A | 157.6 cm (5 ft 2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:1,879, SD= f:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 49.8% | Self-reported | 2004 | [16] |
Liberia | N/A | 157.3 cm (5 ft 2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:4,281, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 52.8% | Self-reported | 2006 | [16] |
Lithuania | 177.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) | N/A | N/A | Conscripts, 19–25 (N= m:197 SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 14.7% | Measured | 2005[90] | [91] |
Lithuania – Urban | 178.4 cm (5 ft 10 in) | N/A | N/A | Conscripts, 19–25 (N= m:91 SD= m:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 9.9% | Measured | 2005[90] | [91] |
Lithuania – Rural | 176.2 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | N/A | N/A | Conscripts, 19–25 (N= m:106 SD= m:5.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 4.9% | Measured | 2005[90] | [91] |
Lithuania | 181.3 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | 167.5 cm (5 ft 6 in) | 1.08 | 18 | 2.1% | Measured | 2001 | [92] |
Madagascar | N/A | 154.3 cm (5 ft 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:5,024, SD= f:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 53.6% | Self-reported | 2003 | [16] |
Malawi – Urban | 166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 155 cm (5 ft 1 in) | 1.07 | 16–60 (N= m:583 f:315, SD= m:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:9.4 cm (3 1⁄2 in)) | 101.1% | Measured | 2000 | [93] |
Malaysia | 166.3 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 154.7 cm (5 ft 1 in) | 1.07 | Malay, 20–24 (N= m:749 f:893, Median= m:166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) f:155 cm (5 ft 1 in), SD= m:6.46 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.04 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 9.7%[94] | Measured | 1996 | [95] |
Malaysia | 168.5 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) | 158.1 cm (5 ft 2 in) | 1.07 | Chinese, 20–24 (N= m:407 f:453, Median= m:169 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) f:158 cm (5 ft 2 in), SD= m:6.98 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.72 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 4.1%[94] | Measured | 1996 | [95] |
Malaysia | 169.1 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) | 155.4 cm (5 ft 1 in) | 1.09 | Indian, 20–24 (N= m:113 f:140, Median= m:168 cm (5 ft 6 in) f:156 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in), SD= m:5.84 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.18 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 1.2%[94] | Measured | 1996 | [95] |
Malaysia | 163.3 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 151.9 cm (5 ft 0 in) | 1.08 | Other indigenous, 20–24 (N= m:257 f:380, Median= m:163 cm (5 ft 4 in) f:152 cm (5 ft 0 in), SD= m:6.26 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.95 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 0.4%[94] | Measured | 1996 | [95] |
Mali – Southern Mali | 171.3 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 160.4 cm (5 ft 3 in) | 1.07 | Rural adults (N= m:121 f:320, SD= m:6.6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.7 cm (2 in)) | N/A | Measured | 1992 | [96] |
Malta | 169.9 cm (5 ft 7 in) | 159.9 cm (5 ft 3 in) | 1.06 | 18+ | 100.0% | Self-reported | 2003 | [97] |
Malta | 175.2 cm (5 ft 9 in) | 163.8 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 25–34 | 17.5% | Self-reported | 2003 | [97] |
Mexico | 172 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 159 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 20–65 | 62.0% | Measured | 2014 | [98] |
Mexico – Bajío | 172 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | N/A | N/A | Adults | N/A | Measured | N/A | [99] |
Mexico – Central | N/A | 162 cm (5 ft 4 in) | N/A | 26–39 | N/A | Measured | N/A | [99] |
Moldova | N/A | 161.2 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:4,757, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 45.9% | Self-reported | 2005 | [16] |
Mongolia | 168.4 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) | 157.7 cm (5 ft 2 in) | 1.07 | 25–34 (N= m:158 f:181) | 27.6% | Measured | 2006 | [100] |
Montenegro | 183.2 cm (6 ft 0 in) | 168.4 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | Students at UCG,18–37 (N= m:178 f:107, SD= m:7.06 cm (3 in) f:5.27 cm (2 in)) | 3.2%[101] | Measured | 2011 | [24] |
Morocco | N/A | 158.5 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:10,334, SD= f:6.0 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 54.7% | Self-reported | 2003 | [16] |
Mozambique | N/A | 156 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:6,912, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 55.0% | Self-reported | 2003 | [16] |
Namibia | N/A | 160.7 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:5,575, SD= f:7.1 cm (3 in)) | 50.4% | Self-reported | 2006 | [16] |
Nepal | 163.0 cm (5 ft 4 in) | 150.8 cm (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:6,280, SD= f:5.5 cm (2 in)) | 52.9% | Self-reported | 2006 | [16] |
Netherlands | 181 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | 169 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | Caucasians,16–18[102] (N= m:37 f:52, SD= m:6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5 cm (2 in)) | 3.7%[103] | Measured | 2003 | [104] |
Netherlands | 182.70 cm (6 ft 0 in) | N/A | N/A | 30–34 | 7.8% | Estimates | 1976–1980 | [19] |
Netherlands | 180.8 cm (5 ft 11 in) | 167.5 cm (5 ft 6 in) | 1.08 | 20+ | 96.8% | Self-reported | 2010 | [9][29][105] |
Netherlands | 183.2 cm (6 ft 0 in) | 169.9 cm (5 ft 7 in) | 1.08 | 20–30 | 16.9% | Self-reported | 2010 | [105] |
Netherlands | 183.8 cm (6 ft 1⁄2 in) | 170.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) | 1.08 | 21 (N= m:74 f:50, SD= m:7.1 cm (3 in) f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 1.5% | Self-reported | 2009 | [106] |
New Zealand | 177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 20–49 | 56.9% | Measured | 2007 | [18] |
New Zealand | 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) | 164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | 20–24 | 9.1% | Measured | 2007 | [18] |
Nicaragua | N/A | 153.7 cm (5 ft 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 | 54.1% | Self-reported | 2001 | [16] |
Nigeria | 163.8 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 157.8 cm (5 ft 2 in) | 1.04 | 18–74 | 98.6% | Measured | 1994–1996 | [82] |
Nigeria | 167.2 cm (5 ft 6 in) | 160.3 cm (5 ft 3 in) | 1.04 | 20–29 (N= m:139 f:76, SD= m:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.7 cm (2 in)) | 33.2% | Measured | 2011 | [107] |
Norway | 180.0 cm (5 ft 11 in) | N/A | N/A | Conscripts, 18–44 (N= m:18,297) | 36.0% | Measured | 2011 | [108] |
Norway – Vest-Agder | 181.7 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | N/A | N/A | Conscripts, 18–44 (N= m:770) | 1.33% | Measured | 2011 | [108] |
Norway – Oslo | 179.8 cm (5 ft 11 in) | N/A | N/A | Conscripts, 18–44 (N= m:1,297) | 4.78% | Measured | 2011 | [108] |
Norway – Finnmark | 177.5 cm (5 ft 10 in) | N/A | N/A | Conscripts, 18–44 (N= m:218) | 0.54% | Measured | 2011 | [108] |
Norway | 179.63 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | N/A | N/A | 30–34 | 8.5% | Estimates | 1976–1980 | [19] |
Norway | 180.3 cm (5 ft 11 in) | 167 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 20–85 (N= m:1534 f:1743) | 93.6% | Self-reported | 2008–2009 | [9][29][109] |
Norway | 182.4 cm (6 ft 0 in) | 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) | 1.09 | 20–25 (SD= m:5.3 cm (2 in) f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 9.5% | Self-reported | 2008–2009 | [109] |
Norway | 181.6 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | 168.2 cm (5 ft 6 in) | 1.08 | 26–35 (SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 17.0% | Self-reported | 2008–2009 | [109] |
Peru | 164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 151 cm (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | 20+ | 93.8% | Measured | 2005 | [110] |
Philippines | 165.6 cm (5 ft 5 in) | N/A | N/A | 18+ | - | Measured | 1980 | [111] |
Poland | 178.7 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | 165.1 cm (5 ft 5 in) | 1.08 | 18 (N= m:846 f:1,126) | 1.6% | Measured | 2010 | [112] |
Portugal | 173.9 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | N/A | N/A | 18 (N= m:696) | 1.5% | Measured | 2008 | [12][113] |
Portugal | 172.30 cm (5 ft 8 in) | N/A | N/A | 30–34 | 9.7% | Estimates | 1976–1980 | [19] |
Portugal | 171 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 161 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.06 | 20–50 | 56.7% | Self-reported | 2001 | [18] |
Portugal | 173.7 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 163.7 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.06 | 21 (N= m:87 f:106, SD= m:8.2 cm (3 in) f:5.3 cm (2 in)) | 1.9% | Self-reported | 2001 | [20] |
Qatar | 170.8 cm (5 ft 7 in) | 161.1 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.06 | 18 | 1.9% | Measured | 2005 | [24][114] |
Rwanda | N/A | 157.7 cm (5 ft 2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:3,202, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 54.2% | Self-reported | 2005 | [16] |
Romania | 172 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 157 cm (5 ft 2 in) | 1.10 | N/A | N/A | Measured | 2007 | [115] |
Russia | 177.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) | 164.1 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 24 | 1.9% | Measured | 2004 | [24][116] |
Samoa | N/A | 166.6 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 18–28 (N= f:55 SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 32.6% | Measured | 2004 | [117] |
Saudi Arabia | 168.9 cm (5 ft 6 1⁄2 in) | 156.3 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 18 | 3.0% | Measured | 2010 | [24][118] |
Senegal | N/A | 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:2,533, SD= f:6.7 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 54.4% | Self-reported | 2005 | [16] |
Serbia | 182.0 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | 166.8 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | Students at UNS,18–30 (N= m:318 f:76, SD= m:6.74 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.88 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 0.7%[119] | Measured | 2012 | [120] |
Singapore | 171 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) | 1.07 | Chinese students at TP,16–18[121] (N= m:52 f:49, SD= m:6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5 cm (2 in)) | 0.3%[122][123] | Measured | 2003 | [104] |
Slovakia | 179.4 cm (5 ft 10 1⁄2 in) | 165.6 cm (5 ft 5 in) | 1.08 | 18 | 2.0% | Measured | 2004 | [124] |
Slovenia – Ljubljana | 180.3 cm (5 ft 11 in) | 167.4 cm (5 ft 6 in) | 1.08 | 19 | 0.2%[125] | Measured | 2011 | [126] |
South Africa | 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) | 159 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.06 | 19 (N= m:121 f:118) | 3.6% | Measured | 2003 | [127] |
Sri Lanka | 163.6 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 151.4 cm (4 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 18+ (N= m:1,768 f:2,709, SD= m:6.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.4 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 100.0% | Measured | 2005–2006 | [128] |
Sri Lanka | 165.6 cm (5 ft 5 in) | 154.0 cm (5 ft 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 18–29 (N= m:312 f:427, SD= m:7.1 cm (3 in) f:5.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 30.7% | Measured | 2005–2006 | [128] |
Spain | 173.1 cm (5 ft 8 in) | N/A | N/A | 18–70 (N= m:1,298 [129][130] ) | 88.2% | Measured | 2013–2014 | [131][132] |
Spain | N/A | 159.6 cm (5 ft 3 in) | N/A | 18–70 (N= f:8,217 [133][134] ) | 83.5% | Measured | 2007–2008 | [29][130][131][134] |
Spain | 175.3 cm (5 ft 9 in) | N/A | N/A | 18–34 (N= m:554-1,061 [130][135] ) | 26.8% | Measured | 2013–2014 | [131][132][136][137] |
Spain | N/A | 162.6 cm (5 ft 4 in) | N/A | 18–19 (N= f:656 [134][138] ) | 2.4% | Measured | 2007–2008 | [130][131][134] |
Spain | 175.5 cm (5 ft 9 in) | N/A | N/A | 30–34 | 11.1% | Estimates | 1976–1980 | [19] |
Spain | 174 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) | 1.07 | 20–49 | 57.0% | Self-reported | 2007 | [18] |
Spain | 176 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.06 | 20–24 | 7.5% | Self-reported | 2007 | [18] |
Spain | 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) | 166.2 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 21 (N= m:111 f:94, SD= m:6.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 1.8% | Self-reported | 2001 | [20] |
Swaziland | N/A | 159.1 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:2,612, SD= f:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 51.0% | Self-reported | 2006 | [16] |
Sweden | 181.5 cm (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in) | 166.8 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | 20–29 | 15.6% | Measured | 2008 | [139] |
Sweden | 180.4 cm (5 ft 11 in) | N/A | N/A | 30 | 8.0% | Estimates | 1976–1980 | [19] |
Sweden | 177.9 cm (5 ft 10 in) | 164.6 cm (5 ft 5 in) | 1.08 | 20–74 | 86.3% | Self-reported | 1987–1994 | [140] |
Switzerland | 178.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) | N/A | N/A | Conscripts, 19 (N= m:12,447, Median= m:178.0 cm (5 ft 10 in), SD= m:6.52 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 1.5% | Measured | 2009 | [141] |
Switzerland | 175.4 cm (5 ft 9 in) | 164 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 20–74 | 88.8% | Self-reported | 1987–1994 | [140] |
Taiwan | 171.4 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 159.9 cm (5 ft 3 in) | 1.07 | 17 (N= m:200 f:200) | 1.7% | Measured | 2011 | [142][143][144] |
Tanzania | N/A | 156.6 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:6,033, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 52.8% | Self-reported | 2004 | [16] |
Thailand | 170.3 cm (5 ft 7 in) | 159 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | STOU students, 15–19 (N= m:839 f:1,636, SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 0.2%[145] | Self-reported | 2005 | [146] |
Togo | N/A | 159.0 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:2,728, SD= f:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 53.4% | Self-reported | 1998 | [16] |
Tonga | 176.1 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 165.3 cm (5 ft 5 in) | 1.07 | 40 (N= m:241 f:299) | 1.5% | Measured | 2001 | [147] |
Turkey | 173.6 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 161.9 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.07 | 20-22 (N= m:322 f:247) | 8.3% | Measured | 2007 | [12][24][148] |
Turkey – Ankara | 174.1 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 158.9 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.10 | 18–59 (N= m:703 f:512, Median= m:169.7 cm (5 ft 7 in) f:157.5 cm (5 ft 2 in), SD= m:6.9 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:6.4 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 5.1%[149] | Measured | 2004–2006 | [150] |
Turkey – Ankara | 176.1 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 162 cm (5 ft 4 in) | 1.09 | 18–29 (N= m:390 f:163, Median= m:173.9 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) f:164.5 cm (5 ft 5 in), SD= m:6.3 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:7.0 cm (3 in)) | 2.0%[149] | Measured | 2004–2006 | [150] |
Turkey | N/A | 156.4 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:2,393, SD= f:5.6 cm (2 in)) | 54.5% | Self-reported | 2003 | [16] |
Uganda | N/A | 159.2 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:1,666, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 53.4% | Self-reported | 2006 | [16] |
United Arab Emirates | 173.4 cm (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 156.4 cm (5 ft 1 1⁄2 in) | 1.11 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [151] |
United Kingdom – England | 175.3 cm (5 ft 9 in) | 161.9 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 16+ (N= m:3,154 f:3,956) | 103.2%[152] | Measured | 2012 | [4] |
United Kingdom – England | 177.8 cm (5 ft 10 in) | 164.5 cm (5 ft 5 in) | 1.08 | 25–34 (N= m:415 f:611) | 17.2%[152] | Measured | 2012 | [4] |
United Kingdom – Scotland | 175.0 cm (5 ft 9 in) | 161.3 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | 16+ (N= m:2,512 f:3,180, Median= m:174.8 cm (5 ft 9 in) f:161.2 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)) | 103.0%[152] | Measured | 2008 | [153] |
United Kingdom – Scotland | 178.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) | 163.5 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | 25–34 (N= m:286 f:413, Median= m:178.0 cm (5 ft 10 in) f:163.9 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)) | 15.7%[152] | Measured | 2008 | [153] |
United Kingdom – Wales | 177.0 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 162.0 cm (5 ft 4 in) | 1.09 | 16+ | 103.2%[152] | Self-reported | 2009 | [154] |
United States | 175.7 cm (5 ft 9 in) | 161.8 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | All Americans, 20+ (N= m:5,232 f:5,547, Median= m:175.6 cm (5 ft 9 in) f:161.9 cm (5 ft 3 1⁄2 in)) | 69% | Measured | 2011–2014 | [155] |
United States | 176.4 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 162.9 cm (5 ft 4 in) | 1.08 | All Americans, 20–29 (N= m:937 f:928, Median= m:176.2 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) f:162.9 cm (5 ft 4 in)) | 13.9% | Measured | 2011–2014 | [155] |
United States – African Americans | 177.4 cm (5 ft 10 in) | 163.6 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | African Americans, 20–39 (N= m:405 f:418, Median= m:177.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) f:163.7 cm (5 ft 4 1⁄2 in)) | 3.4%[156] | Measured | 2011–2014 | [155] |
United States – Hispanic and Latino Americans | 172.4 cm (5 ft 8 in) | 158.9 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.08 | Hispanic/Latino Americans, 20–39 (N= m:385 f:428, Median= m:172.3 cm (5 ft 8 in) f:159.1 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)) | 4.4%[156] | Measured | 2011–2014 | [155] |
United States – Mexican Americans | 172.2 cm (5 ft 8 in) | 158.4 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | Mexican Americans, 20–39 (N= m:233 f:247, Median= m:172.1 cm (5 ft 8 in) f:158.7 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in)) | 2.8%[156] | Measured | 2011–2014 | [155] |
United States – Asian Americans | 172.3 cm (5 ft 8 in) | 158.4 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.09 | Non-Hispanic Asians, 20–39 (N= m:260 f:272, Median= m:172.2 cm (5 ft 8 in) f:158.1 cm (5 ft 2 in)) | 1.3%[156] | Measured | 2011–2014 | [155] |
United States – Non-Hispanic whites | 178.2 cm (5 ft 10 in) | 165.0 cm (5 ft 5 in) | 1.08 | Non-Hispanic White Americans, 20–39 (N= m:715 f:689, Median= m:178.3 cm (5 ft 10 in) f:164.8 cm (5 ft 5 in)) | 17.1%[156] | Measured | 2011–2014 | [155] |
Uruguay | 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) | 158 cm (5 ft 2 in) | 1.08 | Adults (N= m:2,249 f:2,114) | N/A | Measured | 1990 | [157] |
Uzbekistan | N/A | 159.9 cm (5 ft 3 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:2,635, SD= f:6.1 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 54.6% | Self-reported | 1996 | [16] |
Vietnam | 162.1 cm (5 ft 4 in) | 152.2 cm (5 ft 0 in) | 1.07 | 25–29 (SD= m:5.39 cm (2 in) f:5.39 cm (2 in)) | 15.9% | Measured | 1992–1993 | [68] |
Vietnam | 165.7 cm (5 ft 5 in) | 155.2 cm (5 ft 1 in) | 1.07 | Students, 20–25 (N= m:1,000 f:1,000, SD= m:6.55 cm (2 1⁄2 in) f:5.32 cm (2 in)) | 2.0%[158] | Measured | 2006–2007 | [159] |
Zambia | N/A | 158.5 cm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:4,091, SD= f:6.5 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 54.2% | Self-reported | 2007 | [16] |
Zimbabwe | N/A | 160.3 cm (5 ft 3 in) | N/A | 25–49 (N= f:4,746, SD= f:6.2 cm (2 1⁄2 in)) | 47.3% | Self-reported | 2005 | [16] |
Notes
- ↑ In this case, data that are representative of the majority of the country or region's adult population are those that factor in over 50% of the country or region's population aged 18 or over.
References
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- ↑ Although the mean height of university students are slightly shorter than the national mean height aged 20–29 in this study.
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- ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 Society at a Glance 2009: OECD Social Indicators. doi:10.1787/550623158455.
- ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 Timothy J. Hatton, Bernice E Bray, etc. Long Run Trends in the Heights of European Men, 19th–20th Centuries
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 Garcia, Jaume (2007). "The Evolution of Adult Height in Europe: A Brief Note". Economics and Human Biology 5 (2): 340–9. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2007.02.002. PMID 17412655. http://www.econ.upf.edu/docs/papers/downloads/1002.pdf.
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- ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 Note: In this study, the subjects' height was measured twice. The first measurement presumably took place in 2004 and the average height of the conscripts was 176.4 cm. When they measured the same group after a year, the mean height of the conscripts was 177.2 cm
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 "Anthropometrical data and physical fitness of Lithuanian soldiers according to the sociodemographic characteristics" (PDF). http://medicina.lsmuni.lt/med/0601/0601-08e.pdf. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
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- ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 94.3 Ethnic population ratio (1995) from Historical Overview of Malaysia's Experience in Enhancing Equity and Quality of Education, Hazri Jamil.
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- ↑ Katherine A. Dettwyler (July 1992). "Nutritional status of adults in rural Mali". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 88 (3): 309–321. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330880306. PMID 1642319.
- ↑ 97.0 97.1 "THE MALTESE WAY OF LIFE..…". National Statistics Office – Malta. 2003-12-10. Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20120304151607/https://secure.gov.mt/nso/statdoc/document_file.aspx?id=573. Note: A 2007 Eurostat study revealed the same results: the average Maltese person is 164.9 cm (5' 4.9") compared to the EU average of 169.6 cm (5' 6.7").
- ↑ "Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals" table 1, Plosgenetics, 25 September 2014. Retrieved on 8 April 2018.
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- ↑ Mongolian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors 2006. WHO (2007). ISBN:9992998040
- ↑ Enrollment at UCG from University of Montenegro Guide for Incoming Students, University of Montenegro.
- ↑ The mean ages of subjects are 17.5(±0.7) for male and 17.6(±0.6) for female. Thus most of the subjects are between 17 and 18.
- ↑ Ethnic population ratio from Netherlands Demographics Profile 2014, IndexMundi.
- ↑ 104.0 104.1 "Singaporean Chinese adolescents have more subcutaneous adipose tissue than Dutch Caucasians of the same age and body mass index". Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 12 (3): 261–5. 2003. PMID 14505987.
- ↑ 105.0 105.1 "Reported height, 20 years or older, Central Bureau of Statistics, 15 February 2012". Statline.cbs.nl. http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLEN&PA=81175ENG&D1=13-24&D2=1-2&D3=a&D4=0&D5=l&LA=EN&VW=T. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
- ↑ Schönbeck, Yvonne; Talma, Henk; Van Dommelen, Paula; Bakker, Boudewijn; Buitendijk, Simone E.; Hirasing, Remy A.; Van Buuren, Stef (2012). "The world's tallest nation has stopped growing taller: The height of Dutch children from 1955 to 2009". Pediatric Research 73 (3): 371–7. doi:10.1038/pr.2012.189. PMID 23222908.
- ↑ "The relationship between arm span and stature in Nigerian adults" (PDF). Kinesiology 43 (1): 38–43. 2011. http://hrcak.srce.hr//file/103779.
- ↑ 108.0 108.1 108.2 108.3 "Statistisk årbok 2011" (PDF). Statistics Norway. 2011. p. 126. https://www.ssb.no/a/histstat/aarbok/2011.pdf. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
- ↑ 109.0 109.1 109.2 "Fysisk aktivitet blant voksne og eldre i Norge" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Health and Social Affairs. 2009. p. 23. https://helsedirektoratet.no/Lists/Publikasjoner/Attachments/715/Fysisk-aktivitet-blant-voksne-og-eldre-resultater-fra-en-kartlegging-i-2008-og-2009-IS-1754.pdf. Retrieved 2015-08-06.
- ↑ "Encuesta Nacional de Indicadores Nutricionales, Bioquímicos, Socioeconómicos y Culturales relacionados con las Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas 2005" (PDF). Dirección Ejecutiva de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional (DEVAN), Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS). 5 June 2006. http://www.ins.gob.pe/insvirtual/images/boletin/pdf/ReporteEpidemiologicoINS2006-22.pdf. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
- ↑ "Human Height". https://ourworldindata.org/human-height/.
- ↑ "Polish 2010 growth references for school-aged children and adolescents". European Journal of Pediatrics 170 (5): 599–609. 2011. doi:10.1007/s00431-010-1329-x. PMID 20972688. Note: The values represent averages, not medians listed in the study.
- ↑ Sardinha (2010). "Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Portuguese youth: A study in a representative sample of 10–18-year-old children and adolescents". International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, Informa Healthcare 6 (2): e124–8. doi:10.3109/17477166.2010.490263. PMID 20919807. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232075066.
- ↑ Bener A1, Kamal AA. (2008). "Growth patterns of Qatari school children and adolescents aged 6–18 years". Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 23 (supplement 3): 250–8. PMID 16262022.
- ↑ Evenimente Sibiul 2007
- ↑ Brainerd E. (2006). "Reassessing the Standard of Living in the Soviet Union:An Analysis Using Archival and Anthropometric Data". William Davidson Institute Working Paper. http://wdi.umich.edu/files/publications/workingpapers/wp812.pdf.
- ↑ "Body Size and Composition, Lifestyle and Health Among Native Samoan Women" (PDF). https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/10525/uhm_ms_3891_r.pdf?sequence=1. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
- ↑ El Mouzan (2010). "Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi children and adolescents". Annals of Saudi Medicine 30 (supplement 3): 203–208. doi:10.4103/0256-4947.62833. PMID 20427936.
- ↑ Enrollment at UNS from University of Novi Sad Facts and Figures, University of Novi Sad.
- ↑ "Body Height and Its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Serbian Adults". Int. J. Morphol. 31 (1): 271–279. 2013. doi:10.4067/S0717-95022013000100043. http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/ijmorphol/v31n1/art43.pdf.
- ↑ The mean ages of subjects are 17.5(±0.6). Thus most of the subjects are between 17 and 18.
- ↑ Enrollment at Temasek Polytechnic from Temasek Polytechnic, UNI AGENTS.
- ↑ Ethnic population ratio from Singapore Demographics Profile 2014, indexMundi.
- ↑ Ševčíková, Ľ.; Nováková, J.; Hamade, J. and Tatara, M. (2004) Rast a vývojové trendy slovenských detí a mládeže za posledných 10 rokov [Growth and development trends in Slovak children and adolescents during the last 10 years]. In: Životné podmienky a zdravie [Living conditions and health]. Editor: Ľubica Ághová. Bratislava.
- ↑ Ljubljana's population in 2011 from UNdata, United Nations.
- ↑ "Is there a rationale for establishing Slovenian body mass index references of school-aged children and adolescents". Anthropological Notebooks 17 (3): 89–100. http://www.drustvo-antropologov.si/AN/PDF/2011_3/Anthropological_Notebooks_XVII_3_Starc.pdf. |lastauthoramp=yes
- ↑ "SOUTH AFRICA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY – 2003" (PDF). http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR206/FR206.pdf. Retrieved 2015-07-25.
- ↑ 128.0 128.1 Ranasinghe, Priyanga; Jayawardana, M.A. Naveen A.A.D.; Constantine, Godwin R.; Sheriff, M.H. Rezvi; Matthews, David R.; Katulanda, Prasad (2010). "Patterns and correlates of adult height in Sri Lanka". Economics and Human Biology. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:5yv4PRZTVxcJ:www.nsf.ac.lk/newsletter/VOL2NO9/height.pdf+http://www.nsf.ac.lk/newsletter/VOL2NO9/height.pdf&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShpu0ZKGp-iRbnEgU7AhL0y9Xd26jY1V-TYcMoqZZo0V7bYNzMIvDznPPLZdLNrorEY0vCtAo9Kadk-FprmFKv3fp7mHyxqW-UNToYt2iW2k6fkj1CwiKSpGEX1KcpfpasCtAbh&sig=AHIEtbTaEaDnFwHihdC2WbcbO2ZvPRayPg. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
- ↑ The total sample size is 1,583(12–70) and the ratio of subjects aged 18–70 is 82%.
- ↑ 130.0 130.1 130.2 130.3 "Grupo Investigación Antropometría Instituto de Biomecánica > Metodología". Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015-03-12. http://antropometria.ibv.org/index.php/es/estudios-3d/adultos#metodolog%C3%ADa.
- ↑ 131.0 131.1 131.2 131.3 "Grupo Investigación Antropometría Instituto de Biomecánica". Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015-03-12. http://antropometria.ibv.org/index.php/es/estudios-3d/adultos.
- ↑ 132.0 132.1 "El estudio antropométrico realizado por el IBV desvela las medidas actuales del hombre español". Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015-03-12. http://www.ibv.org/actualidad/el-estudio-antropometrico-realizado-por-el-ibv-desvela-las-medidas-actuales-del-hombre-espanol.
- ↑ The total sample size is 10,415(12–70), and the ratio of subjects aged 18–70 is 78.9%.
- ↑ 134.0 134.1 134.2 134.3 "Estudio Antropométrico de la Población Femenina en España". Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. 2008-02-07. http://consumo-inc.gob.es/novedades/docs/tallasPresentacion.pdf.
- ↑ The total sample size is 1,583(12–70), the ratio of subjects aged 18–29 is 35% and the one between 30–49 is 32%. Therefore the ratio between 18–34 is between 35–67%.
- ↑ (2015). 20minutos.es. "El español medio mide 173 centímetros y el 46,7% de ellos presenta un peso normal"
- ↑ "Las tallas del hombre español medio". EL MUNDO. 2015-03-12. http://www.elmundo.es/comunidad-valenciana/2015/03/12/550180c422601d61128b456c.html.
- ↑ The total sample size is 10,415 (12–70) and the ratio of subjects aged 18–19 is 6.3%.
- ↑ "Svenskarna längre och tyngre". 2008-02-29. http://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/svenskarna-langre-och-tyngre.
- ↑ 140.0 140.1 Cavelaars, A.E.J.M., Kunst, A.E., Geurts, J.J.M., Crialesi, R., Grotvedt, L., Helmert U. (2000). "Persistent variations in average height between countries and between socio-economic groups: an overview of 10 European countries". Annals of Human Biology 27 (4): 407–21. doi:10.1080/03014460050044883. PMID 10942348.
- ↑ Staub, Kaspar; Rühli, Frank; Woitek, Ulrich; Pfister, Christian (2011). "The average height of 18- and 19-year-old conscripts (N=458,322) in Switzerland from 1992 to 2009, and the secular height trend since 1878". Swiss Medical Weekly 141: w13238. doi:10.4414/smw.2011.13238. PMID 21805409. http://www.smw.ch/content/smw-2011-13238/. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
- ↑ "Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan – 2011". http://nahsit-form.ibms.sinica.edu.tw/node/58. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
- ↑ "Survey explanation – 2011". http://nahsit-form.ibms.sinica.edu.tw/node/52. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
- ↑ "Methodology – 2011". http://nahsit-form.ibms.sinica.edu.tw/node/53. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
- ↑ Enrollment at STOU from Institutional Profile: Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, ICDE.
- ↑ "Secular changes and predictors of adult height for 86105 male and female members of the Thai Cohort Study born between 1940 and 1990". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 66 (1): 75–80. 2012. doi:10.1136/jech.2010.113043. PMID 20805198. PMC 3230828. http://jech.bmj.com/content/early/2010/12/13/jech.2010.113043.full.pdf.
- ↑ Craig, P; Halavatau, V; Comino, E; Caterson, I (2001). "Differences in body composition between Tongans and Australians: time to rethink the healthy weight ranges?" (PDF). International Journal of Obesity 25 (12): 1806–1814. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801822. PMID 11781762. http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v25/n12/pdf/0801822a.pdf. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
- ↑ Iseri A.; Arslan N. (2008). "Obesity in adults in Turkey: age and regional effects". European Journal of Public Health 19 (supplement 1): 91–4. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckn107. PMID 19091784.
- ↑ 149.0 149.1 Ankara's population in 2000 from Turkey: Provinces and Major Cities, CITY POPULATION.
- ↑ 150.0 150.1 Özer, Basak Koca (2008). "Secular trend in body height and weight of Turkish adults". Anthropological Science 116 (3): 191–199. doi:10.1537/ase.061213.
- ↑ Abdulrazzaq, Yousef M; Moussa, Mohamed A; Nagelkerke, Nicolaas (2008). "National Growth Charts for the United Arab Emirates". J Epidemiol 18 (6): 295–303. doi:10.2188/jea.JE2008037. PMID 19075495. PMC 4771615. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jea/18/6/18_JE2008037/_pdf.
- ↑ 152.0 152.1 152.2 152.3 152.4 regional population data in the UK in 2011 from 2011 Census, Population Estimates by single year of age and sex for Local Authorities in the United Kingdom, Office for National Statistics.
- ↑ 153.0 153.1 "The Scottish Health Survey 2008". Scotland.gov.uk. 2009-09-28. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/09/28102003/0. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
- ↑ "The Welsh Health Survey 2009, p. 58". Wales.gov.uk. 2010-09-15. http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2010/100915healthsurvey09en.pdf. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
- ↑ 155.0 155.1 155.2 155.3 155.4 155.5 155.6 US Dept. of Health and Human Services (August 2016). "Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2011–2014". National Health Statistics Reports 11. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_03/sr03_039.pdf.
- ↑ 156.0 156.1 156.2 156.3 156.4 Ethnic population ratio from State & County QuickFacts , United States Census Bureau.
- ↑ "Cruzada por lo alto: los petisos denuncian dura discriminación" (in Spanish). El País. 2006-05-27. http://200.40.120.164/06/05/27/pciuda_218248.asp.
- ↑ The university participation rate is 195 per 10,000 Population in 2009. Viet Nam: Preparing the Higher Education Sector Development Project (HESDP), Asian Development Bank
- ↑ Hung, Mai Van; Park, Sunyoung (2008). "The impact of environment on morphological and physical indexes of Vietnamese and South Korean students". VNU Journal of Science, Natural Sciences and Technology 24: 50–55. http://tapchi.vnu.edu.vn/tn_1_08/b8.pdf.
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