Medicine:Eye injuries during 2022 Iranian protests

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Conservative estimates reported by ophthalmologists in November 2022 stated there had been 580 confirmed cases of significant eye injuries during the 2021–2022 Iranian protests, but the actual number is likely much higher.[1][2][3][4] The widespread nature of the eye injuries across the country and the number of cases reported demonstrates a systematic nature to these attacks.[5]

Use of kinetic-impact-projectiles

X-ray of an Iranian protestor who suffered eye damage after being shot in the face with a non-lethal stinger round in 2009

Kinetic-impact-projectiles (KIPs) also known as baton rounds, or rubber/plastic bullets are non-lethal projectiles used for crowd control purposes by riot police.[6][7][8] KIPs are marketed as non or less-lethal weapons used for the purposes of dispersing crowds without causing penetrating wounds.[6] However, when used inappropriately and fired indiscriminately, they have been known to cause injuries leading to life-long disability, or even death.[6][7][9] Examples of KIPs include rubber or plastic bullets, bean bag rounds, sponge rounds (rounds with a softer nose/tip to limit impact) or pellet rounds of birdshot or buckshot.[6][7] Hosein Jafari, 28 at the time, was attending a protest in Tehran with Farzi when he was shot in the back of the head with a pellet gun.[10] Medical imaging scans shared on his Instagram page show 6 of the 8 pellets that entered his body remain, one in his neck and the rest in his head.[10] Abolfazl Adinezadeh, a 17 year old boy that had joined the Woman, Life, Freedom protests is one of many examples of protesters in Iran who have been killed as a result of close range discharge of KIPs.[9][11] Cases have also been reported in which protesters have either been killed, or lost an eye as a result of being hit directly by tear gas canisters.[7][12][13][14] Abolfazl Amirataie, a 16 year old boy who had joined protests on 22 September 2022 was shot directly in the head at close range with a tear gas canister, causing catastrophic damage to one side of his skull and brain.[15] After 8 months in a vegetative state, Amirataie succumbed to his injuries on 27 May 2023.[15]

Amnesty International conducted a review of the abuse of KIPs and found examples across 30 different countries of undue injury suffered by protesters at the hands of riot police.[7] Eye injuries in the Chilean protests were so widespread that at the time it was estimated by the Chilean Ophthalmology Society that it was the highest number of cases registered globally.

The AAO has called for the end of the use of KIPs against protesters, as have the Physicians for Human Rights as well as Amnesty International.[1][6][7]

2021 protest

The 2022 protests were not the first time eye injuries were reported inside of Iran. Doctors from Isfahan in the aftermath of protests in November of 2021 reported 40 admissions of eye injuries in one day of police crackdown against peaceful protesters.[16]

Crime against humanity

Article 7 of the Rome Statute under which the International Criminal Court is established defines crimes against humanity.[17] The definition includes:

"Other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health." - Article 7 the Rome Statute, Part 2 (1)(k).[17]

"Attack directed against any civilian population" means a course of conduct involving the multiple commission of acts referred to in paragraph 1 against any civilian population, pursuant to or in furtherance of a State or organizational policy to commit such attack;" - Article 7 the Rome Statute, Part 2 (1)(a).[17]

Norway based non-government organisation Iran Human Rights (IHRNGO) confirmed 138 specific cases of eye injuries across different cities in Iran to highlight the systematic nature of the injuries against unarmed protesters.[5][18] First hand accounts of lasers on the faces of protesters prior to being shot further emphasise the purposeful intent of injury to the eyes.[19][20]

While those injured in Chile and the United States have had some (albeit limited and scattered) success in taking their cases to court, those in Iran have been unable to build cases without threat and retaliation.[21][22][23][24] Families of murdered protesters who have made attempts to seek justice via the court system inside of Iran have been repeatedly threatened or detained in retaliation for their efforts.[25][26] In July of 2023, sister of murdered protester Milad Saeedianjoo, Zahra Saeedianjoo was apprehended and detained for a second time in four months.[27][28] Earlier in the year Zahra has also been fired from her job in relation to her activities seeking justice for her brother.[29] It is therefore virtually impossible to pursue justice internally in Iran.[30]

The Islamic Republic judicial system applies Qisas, or retaliation/retribution law. Mehdi Mousavian arrested 31 December 2017 in relation to protests was accused and convicted of throwing stones which blinded a policeman in one eye[31][32]. The Judiciary sentenced Mousavian to Qisas, meaning his sentence would include the removal of his eye if he did not pay a fine of 14 billion toman (~$280,000 USD)[31][33]. If this sentence is executed, it may set a precedent for the pursuit of legal action for those who have suffered eye injuries[31].

Iran is not a State Party to the Rome Statute and this creates a legal challenge in the pursuit of justice for the people of Iran, however, human rights lawyers are actively pursuing mechanisms for justice.[34][35][36] On 24 November 2022 the United Nations Human Right Council adopted a resolution for the establishment of a independent international Fact-Finding-Mission on the Deteriorating situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, especially with respect to women and children.[36]

Responses

Government response

In the height of the protests where majority of injuries took place, the Islamic Republic's response included deploying ambulances to transport injured protesters directly to detention facilities, refusing access to treatment, threatening and arresting medical staff for providing aid to injured protesters, and had posted guards at entrances of hospitals to note the names of anyone coming in with injuries sustained at protests.[37][38][39][40][41] Many were forced to resort to home remedies until it was safe to seek treatment, and when they were able to access a hospital, they were unable to state the true cause of their injury for fear of being turned away or turned in to authorities.[42] This was particularly detrimental in the case of eye injuries that require urgent care in order to preserve visual acuity.[43]

Eyes for Freedom

The Eyes for Freedom (Persian: Cheshm Baraye Azadi, چشم برای آزادی) movement started in the aftermath the Woman, Life, Freedom protests in Iran, sparked by the death-in-custody in September 2022 of 22-year-old Mahsa "Jina" Amini.[44][45][46][47] The movement was built through activism of people who had sustained significant eye injuries as a result of participating in, or being near protests.[48][49][2] The aim was to build a support network and to increase awareness of the people who were now faced with lifelong disability.[48][3]

Propaganda

As the Eyes for Freedom hashtag grew and the group garnered global attention, the government responded by attempting to discredit injured protesters.[50] In Tehran, banners were installed in May 2023 with a cartoon image of men with eye patches, one with a long wooden nose, a reference to fictional character Pinocchio whose wooden nose grows when he lies. Under the image were the words: "There are no good intentions with liars" (Persian: در دروغگویان خیری نهفته نیست). The government has continued to deny that any protesters suffered eye injuries.[51]

Global public reaction

On 8 April 2023 Angelina Jolie made a post in solidarity with those who had suffered injuries, sharing quotes and images of Elaheh Tavokolian and Zaniyar Tondro.[52][53] Multiple Iranian artists both inside and outside of Iran expressed solidarity. Singer Roozbeh Bemani released a song called "Your Eyes" (Persian: چشمات) in solidarity with the movement. In rallies around the world demonstrators donned eye patches and displayed photos of victims to help raise awareness of the issue.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Ocular Injuries in Iranian Protesters" (in en). 2023-01-18. https://www.aao.org/young-ophthalmologists/yo-info/article/ocular-injuries-in-iranian-protesters. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Engelbrecht, Cora (2022-11-19). "Hundreds of Protesters in Iran Blinded by Metal Pellets and Rubber Bullets" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/19/world/asia/iran-protesters-eye-injuries.html. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Iran protests: Victims shot in eyes hold on to hopes" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2023-04-04. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-64503873. 
  4. ↑ Farda, RFE/RL's Radio. "Activists Say Iran's 'Eye Victims' Under Government Pressure With Arrests" (in en). RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-eye-victims-goverment-pressure-arrests/32424369.html. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Iran Protests 2022: Women Protester Eyes Intentionally and Systematically Targeted". Iran Human Rights (IHRNGO). 2023-09-22. https://iranhr.net/media/files/Eye_Injury_Report-Sep_2023.pdf. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "Health Impacts of Crowd-Control Weapons: Kinetic Impact Projectiles (Rubber Bullets)" (in en-US). https://phr.org/our-work/resources/health-impacts-of-crowd-control-weapons-kinetic-impact-projectiles-rubber-bullets/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 ""My Eye Exploded": the Global Abuse of Kinetic Impact Projectiles" (in en). https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/act30/6384/2023/en/. 
  8. ↑ "Ocular Injuries in Iranian Protesters" (in en). 2023-01-18. https://www.aao.org/young-ophthalmologists/yo-info/article/ocular-injuries-in-iranian-protesters. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Abolfazl Adinezadeh: Teenage protester shot dead by security forces - sources" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2022-10-20. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-63328086. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Jafari, Hosein (2023-04-15). "Instagram". https://www.instagram.com/reel/CrB2U_rJEPY/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==. 
  11. ↑ Strzyżyńska, Weronika (2022-10-20). "Schoolboy protester dies in Iran after reportedly being shot at close range" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/20/protester-17-reportedly-shot-dead-by-state-forces-in-iran. 
  12. ↑ "Iranian Teenager Shot In Head During Protests Succumbs To Injuries" (in en). 2023-10-01. https://www.iranintl.com/en/202305270914. 
  13. ↑ Ghajar, Aida (2023-07-17). "Blinding as a Weapon (47): Blinded Protester Tells Attacker, "I Forgive You"". IranWire. https://iranwire.com/en/blinding-as-a-weapon/118581-blinding-as-a-weapon-47-blinded-protester-tells-attacker-i-forgive-you/. 
  14. ↑ Otis, John (2022-10-10). "For Chileans blinded in police violence, making music has become one path to healing". npr. https://www.npr.org/2022/10/10/1126832045/chile-blinded-protesters-eye-injuries. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Iranian Teenager Shot In Head During Protests Succumbs To Injuries" (in en). 2023-10-01. https://www.iranintl.com/en/202305270914. 
  16. ↑ "Iranian police 'intentionally targeted' heads and eyes of protesters in Isfahan: witnesses" (in en). 2021-12-03. https://observers.france24.com/en/middle-east/20211206-iran-police-target-heads-eyes-protesters-isfahan-river. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court". International Criminal Court: 4–7. 1998-07-17. https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf. 
  18. ↑ "Islamic Republic Systematically Targeted Protester Eyes in Nationwide Protests". Iran Human Rights (IHRNGO). 2023-03-02. https://iranhr.net/en/print/5/5726/. 
  19. ↑ (in en) Half-Blinded By Iranian Police: A Protester's Story, 2023-07-25, https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-protests-eyes-blinded-germany/32517997.html, retrieved 2023-10-02 
  20. ↑ Ghajar, Aida (2023-11-03). "Blinding As A Weapon (21): The Victory Of Light Over Darkness". IranWire. https://iranwire.com/en/blinding-as-a-weapon/114611-blinding-as-a-weapon-21-the-victory-of-light-over-darkness/. 
  21. ↑ Henry • •, Kelvin (2023-03-18). "La Mesa Woman Blinded in One Eye During 2020 Protests Settles With City for $10 Million" (in en-US). https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/la-mesa-woman-blinded-in-one-eye-during-2020-protests-settles-with-city-for-10-million/3189823/. 
  22. ↑ Jara, Ilsen (2020-09-01). "Los ojos de Fabiola Campillai que la policía chilena cegó" (in es). El País. ISSN 1134-6582. https://elpais.com/elpais/2020/08/26/planeta_futuro/1598434613_683722.html. 
  23. ↑ Ghajar, Aida (2023-05-02). "Blinding as a Weapon (37): Bringing the Fight to the Judiciary". IranWire. https://iranwire.com/en/blinding-as-a-weapon/116115-blinding-as-a-weapon-37-bringing-the-fight-to-the-judiciary/. 
  24. ↑ "Iranian Lawyer Says Victims In Recent Protests File Lawsuits" (in en). 2023-10-04. https://www.iranintl.com/en/202303297467. 
  25. ↑ "Iran: Family under repeated attack for seeking justice: Elham Afkari and Vahid Afkari" (in en). https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/6280/2022/en/. 
  26. ↑ Eikdar, Solmaz (2023-08-24). "Iranian Government Detains Relatives of Crackdown Victims Who Seek Justice". IranWire. https://iranwire.com/en/features/119784-iranian-government-detains-relatives-of-crackdown-victims-who-seek-justice/. 
  27. ↑ "Zahra Saeedianjoo Arrested in Tehran" (in en-US). 2023-07-11. https://www.en-hrana.org/zahra-saeedianjoo-arrested-in-tehran/. 
  28. ↑ "Killed Protestor Milad Saeedianjoo's Siblings Arrested" (in en-US). 2023-03-03. https://www.en-hrana.org/killed-protestor-milad-saeedianjoos-siblings-arrested/. 
  29. ↑ "Zahra Saeedianjo, the sister of Milad Saeedianjo, has been arrested again" (in ku-Arab). https://hengaw.net/en/news/2023/07/zahra-saeedianjo-the-sister-of-milad-saeedianjo-has-been-arrested-again. 
  30. ↑ "Human rights in Iran" (in en). https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/iran/report-iran/. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 "Protester Mehdi Mousavian on Hunger Strike Against Planned Eye for an Eye Gouging". Iran Human Rights. 2024-01-26. https://iranhr.net/en/articles/6532/#:~:text=Mehdi%20Mousavian%27s%20demand%20is%20for,eye%20for%20an%20eye%20punishment.. 
  32. ↑ Robbins, Elizabeth (2024-01-28). "Iran’s Judiciary Poised to Gouge Out Eye of Protestor as Executions Surge" (in en). https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/01/28/irans-judiciary-poised-to-gouge-out-eye-of-protestor-as-executions-surge/. 
  33. ↑ Aslani, Mostafa (2024-01-29). "Iran's Repressive Policies Intensify: From Brutal Punishments to Workers' Protests" (in en-US). https://irannewsupdate.com/news/news-digest/irans-repressive-policies-intensify-from-brutal-punishments-to-workers-protests/. 
  34. ↑ "The States Parties to the Rome Statute | International Criminal Court" (in en). https://asp.icc-cpi.int/states-parties. 
  35. ↑ "End Gender Apartheid" (in en-us). https://endgenderapartheid.today/. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "ODS HOME PAGE". https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G22/602/10/PDF/G2260210.pdf?OpenElement. 
  37. ↑ Ghajar, Aida (2023-01-30). "Blinding As A Weapon (4): The Story Of The "Joker Of Tehran"". IranWire. https://iranwire.com/en/news/113210-blinding-as-a-weapon-4-the-story-of-the-joker-of-tehran/. 
  38. ↑ Rebane, Teele (2022-10-19). "The doctors risking it all to treat Iran's protesters" (in en). https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/18/middleeast/doctors-helping-treat-iran-protesters-intl-hnk/index.html. 
  39. ↑ Tabrizy, Nilo; Jhaveri, Ishaan (2022-11-23). "How Iran's Security Forces Use Ambulances to Suppress Protests" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/23/world/middleeast/iran-protesters-detained-ambulance.html. 
  40. ↑ jasmin (2023-02-22). "Iran: Scores Blinded as Security Forces Aim Guns at Protesters' Eyes". https://iranhumanrights.org/2023/02/iran-scores-blinded-as-security-forces-aim-guns-at-protesters-eyes/. 
  41. ↑ "Woman, Life, Freedom — The Fight For Women's Rights In Iran Continues" (in en). https://www.thegazelle.org/issue/237/iran-news-update. 
  42. ↑ Ghajar, Aida; Hignett, Katherine; Shams, Omid (2023-03-14). "Special Report: The Islamic Republic's Use of Blinding as a Weapon of War Against Protesters". IranWire. https://static.prod.iranwire.com/pdfcomponent/Blinding_as_a_Weapon_of_Suppression_ZcEX.pdf. 
  43. ↑ Hignett, Katherine; Ghajar, Aida (2023-03-03). "Blinding as a Weapon: An Ophthalmological Review". IranWire. https://static.prod.iranwire.com/pdfcomponent/Report_JOCl.pdf. Retrieved 2023-09-19. 
  44. ↑ "Mahsa Amini's father detained by Iranian security forces on anniversary of her death in detention" (in en-AU). ABC News. 2023-09-16. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-16/mahsa-amini-father-detained-by-iranian-forces-on-anniversary/102865288. 
  45. ↑ "Iran Human Rights Highlights Targeting of Protesters' Eyes" (in en). 2023-09-22. https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-human-rights-highlights-targeting-of-protesters-eyes/7280310.html. 
  46. ↑ "Mahsa Amini and a year of brutality and courage in Iran – in illustrations" (in en-GB). the Guardian. 2023-09-14. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/gallery/2023/sep/14/mahsa-amini-and-a-year-of-brutality-and-courage-in-iran-in-illustrations. 
  47. ↑ "Women, Life, Freedom — The Iranian Government's Deadly Response To Protests In The Country" (in en). https://www.thegazelle.org/issue/238/women-life-freedom. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Ghajar, Aida (2023-04-20). "Blinding as a Weapon (35): The Bystander Who Lost Both Eyes and Joys of Daily Life". Iran Wire. https://iranwire.com/en/blinding-as-a-weapon/115727-blinding-as-a-weapon-35-the-bystander-who-lost-both-eyes-and-joys-of-daily-life/. 
  49. ↑ Johnston, Holly (2023-07-24). "'I did this for my country': Iran's blinded protesters proud of their sacrifice" (in en). https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/iran/2023/07/24/i-did-this-for-my-country-irans-blinded-protesters-proud-of-their-sacrifice/. 
  50. ↑ Iran, A. correspondent in (2023-06-09). "Anger boils over Iranian authority accusing blinded protestors of lying" (in en). https://www.newarab.com/news/iranian-authorities-accuses-blinded-protesters-lying. 
  51. ↑ "Tehran Billboards Claim Protesters Shot in Eyes Are "Liars"". IranWire. 2023-05-08. https://iranwire.com/en/blinding-as-a-weapon/116318-tehran-billboards-claim-protesters-shot-in-eyes-are-liars/. 
  52. ↑ Jolie, Angelina (2023-04-08). "Instagram". https://www.instagram.com/p/CqvNP6kuKEi/. 
  53. ↑ "Angelina Jolie Expresses Support For Iranian Protesters Who Lost Eyes" (in en). 2023-10-02. https://www.iranintl.com/en/202304085737. 



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