Medicine:Gummy smile
Gummy smile, also known as excessive gingival display, is a smile that shows gum under the upper lip. It is a common clinical condition, which can be caused by an abnormal dental eruption (delayed passive eruption), hyperfunction of the upper lip elevator muscle, excessive vertical growth of the maxilla bone, over-eruption of the maxillary anterior teeth, or a combination of the above described factors.[1][2] Several treatment options have been proposed to enhance the smile display and to reduce the gingival exposure.[3]
Treatment
Treatment option include orthodontics,[4] surgery (gingivectomy),[5] botulinum toxin A injections,[6] and micro-autologous fat transplantation (MAFT).[7]
Botox is considered one of the safest and most widely used injectables. Botox (BTX-A) has been successful in the treatment of gummy smiles. Botox lip flip can last for an average of 6 months.[8] The material is injected into the hyperactive muscles of upper lip, which causes a reduction in the upward movement of lip thus resulting in a smile with a less exposure of gingiva.[9] Botox is usually injected in the three lip elevator muscles that converge on the lateral side of the ala of the nose; the levator labii superioris (LLS), the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle (LLSAN), and the zygomaticus minor (ZMi).[10]
References
- ↑ "Gummy smile: clinical parameters useful for diagnosis and therapeutical approach". The Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 29 (1): 19–25. 2004. doi:10.17796/jcpd.29.1.y01l3r4m06q3k2x0. PMID 15554398.
- ↑ "Intrusion of anterior teeth to improve smile esthetics". Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery 9 (1): 27–9. March 2010. doi:10.1007/s12663-010-0009-8. PMID 23139562.
- ↑ "The diagnosis and treatment of the gummy smile". Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 18 (8): 757–62, 764; quiz 766. August 1997. PMID 9533335.
- ↑ "Intrusion of anterior teeth to improve smile esthetics". Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery 9 (1): 27–9. March 2010. doi:10.1007/s12663-010-0009-8. PMID 23139562.
- ↑ "Lip repositioning technique. A simple surgical procedure to improve the smile harmony". Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry 10 (4): e408–e412. April 2018. doi:10.4317/jced.54721. PMID 29750105.
- ↑ "A simplified method for smile enhancement: botulinum toxin injection for gummy smile". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 130 (3): 726–8. September 2012. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e31825dc32f. PMID 22929256.
- ↑ "Micro-Autologous Fat Transplantation for Treating a Gummy Smile". Aesthetic Surgery Journal 38 (9): 925–937. March 2018. doi:10.1093/asj/sjy069. PMID 29566216.
- ↑ "BOTOX: Broadening the Horizon of Dentistry". Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 8 (12): ZE25-9. December 2014. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2014/11624.5341. PMID 25654058.
- ↑ Chagas, Taísa Figueiredo; Almeida, Natalia Valli de; Lisboa, Cinthia Oliveira; Ferreira, Daniele Masterson Tavares Pereira; Mattos, Claudia Trindade; Mucha, José Nelson (2018). "Duration of effectiveness of Botulinum toxin type A in excessive gingival display: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Brazilian Oral Research 32: e30. doi:10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0030. ISSN 1807-3107. PMID 29742231. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29742231/.
- ↑ "Surface anatomy of the lip elevator muscles for the treatment of gummy smile using botulinum toxin". The Angle Orthodontist 79 (1): 70–7. January 2009. doi:10.2319/091407-437.1. PMID 19123705.
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