Medicine:Journal therapy
Journal therapy is a writing therapy focusing on the writer's internal experiences, thoughts and feelings. This kind of therapy uses reflective writing enabling the writer to gain mental and emotional clarity, validate experiences and come to a deeper understanding of him/herself. Journal therapy can also be used to express difficult material or access previously inaccessible materials.
Like other forms of therapy, journal therapy can be used to heal a writer's emotional or physical problems or work through a trauma, such as an illness, addiction, or relationship problems, among others.[1] Journal therapy can supplement an on-going therapy, or can take place in group therapy or self-directed therapy.
Brief history
Ira Progoff created the intensive journal writing program[2] in 1966 in New York. The intensive journal method is a structured way of writing about nature that allows the writer to achieve spiritual and personal growth. This method consists of a three-ring, loose-leaf binder with four color-coded sections: lifetime dimension, dialogue dimension, depth dimension and meaning dimension. These sections are divided into several subsections. Some of these subsections include topics like career, dreams, body and health, interests, events and meaning in life. Progoff created the intensive journal so that working in one part of the journal would in turn stimulate one to work on another part of the journal, leading to different viewpoints, awareness and connections between subjects. The intensive journal method[3] began with recording the session in a daily log.[4]
The field of journal therapy reached a wider audience in the 1970s with the publication of three books, namely, Progoff's At a Journal Workshop (1978), Christina Baldwin's One to One: Self-Understanding Through Journal Writing (1977) and Tristine Rainer's The New Diary (1978).[4]
In 1985, psychotherapist and journal therapy pioneer, Kathleen Adams, started providing journal workshops, designed as a self-discovery process.
In the 1990s, James W. Pennebaker published multiple studies which affirmed that writing about emotional problems or traumas led to both physical and mental health benefits. These studies drew more attention to the benefits of writing as a therapy.
In the 2000s, journal therapy workshops were conducted at the Progoff's Dialogue House, Adams' Center for Journal Therapy and certificates were given through educational institutions. Generally, journal therapists obtain an advanced degree in psychology, counseling, social work, or another field and then enter a credentialing program or independent-study program.[1]
Effects
Journal therapy is a form of expressive therapy used to help writers better understand life's issues and how they can cope with these issues or fix them. The benefits of expressive writing include long-term health benefits such as better self-reported physical and emotional health, improved immune system, liver and lung functioning, improved memory, reduced blood pressure, fewer days in hospital, fewer stress-related doctor visits, improved mood and greater psychological well-being. Other therapeutic effects of journal therapy include the expression of feelings, which can lead to greater self-awareness and acceptance and can in turn allow the writer to create a relationship with his or herself. The short-term effects of expressive writing include increased distress and psychological arousal.[5]
Practice
Many psychotherapists incorporate journal "homework" in their therapy but few specialize in journal therapy. Journal therapy often begins with the client writing a paragraph or two at the beginning of a session. These paragraphs would reflect how the client is feeling or what is happening in his or her life and would set the direction of the session. Journal therapy then works to guide the client through different writing exercises. Subsequently, the therapist and the client then discuss the information revealed in the journal. In this method, the therapist often assigns journal "homework" that is to be completed by the next session. Journal therapy can also be provided to groups.[1]
Techniques
Journal therapy consists of many techniques or writing exercises. In all journal therapy techniques, the writer is encouraged to date everything, write quickly, keep writings and always tell the complete truth. Some of the journal therapy techniques are as follows:[6]
- Sprint
- Catharsis is encouraged by allowing a writer to write about anything for a designated period, such as for five minutes or for ten minutes.
- Lists
- The writer writes any number of connected items in order to help prioritize and organize.
- Captured moments
- Writer attempts to completely describe the essence and emotional experience of a memory.
- Unsent letters
- This attempts to silence a writer's internal censor; it can be used in a grieving process or to get over traumas, such as sexual abuse.
- Dialogue
- The writer creates both sides to a conversation involving anything, including but not limited to, people, the body, events, situations, time etc.
- Feedback
- Important to journal therapy as feedback makes the writer be aware of his or her feelings; it also allows the writer to acknowledge, accept and reflect on what they he/she has written before (thoughts, feelings, etc.).
Setting
A quiet and private environment must be created and provided throughout the entire journal writing process. This environment should contain features or elements that can make the writer feel good such as music, candles, a hot drink etc. This environment works to empower the writer and for him/her to associate good feelings with journal writing. To transition into writing, a journal writing session can be started with a drawing or sketch. After journal writing, something active should be done, such as running, walking, stretching, breathing etc. or something that is enjoyable like taking a bubble bath, baking cookies, listening to music, talking to someone, etc.[7]
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Adams, Kathleen. "Journal Therapy." The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Body-Mind Disciplines. New York City: 1999.
- ↑ "The Progoff Intensive Journal ® Program". http://www.intensivejournal.org/about/article_interview.php.
- ↑ KAISER, ROBERT BLAIR (1981). "The Way if the Journal". Psychology Today. http://www.intensivejournal.org/articles/main.htm.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Epple, Dorothy. "Journal Writing for Life Development." Advances in Social Work. 8.2 (2007): 288–304.
- ↑ Baikie, Karen A., and Kay Wilhelm. "Emotional and physical health benefits of expressive writing." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 11.5 (2005): 338–346.
- ↑ Thompson, Kate. "Journal therapy writing as a therapeutic tool." Trans. Array Writing Cures: an introductory handbook of writing in counseling and therapy. Gillie Bolton, Stephanie Howlett, Colin Lago and Jeannie K. Wright. New York City: Brunner-Routledge, 2004. 72–84.
- ↑ Adams, Kathleen. The Way of the Journal: A Journal Therapy Workbook for Healing. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Maryland: The Sidran Press, 1993. 6–12.
Further reading
- Reinhold, Maren; Bürkner, Paul-Christian; Holling, Heinz (2018). "Effects of expressive writing on depressive symptoms—A meta-analysis". Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 25: e12224. doi:10.1111/cpsp.12224.
- Harris, Alex H. S. (2006). "Does expressive writing reduce health care utilization? A meta-analysis of randomized trials". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 74 (2): 243–252. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.2.243. PMID 16649869.
- Mogk, Carolin; Otte, Sebastian; Reinhold-Hurley, Bettina; Kröner-Herwig, Birgit (November 2006). "Health effects of expressive writing on stressful or traumatic experiences—A meta-analysis". Psycho-Social Medicine 3: Doc06. PMID 19742069.
- Frisina, Pasquale G.; Borod, Joan C.; Lepore, Stephen J. (2004). "A meta-analysis of the effects of written emotional disclosure on the health outcomes of clinical populations". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 192 (9): 629–634. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000138317.30764.63. PMID 15348980.
- Pavlacic, Jeffrey M.; Buchanan, Erin M.; Maxwell, Nicholas P.; Hopke, Tabetha G.; Schulenberg, Stefan E. (2019). "A meta-analysis of expressive writing on posttraumatic stress, posttraumatic growth, and quality of life". Review of General Psychology 23 (2): 230–250. doi:10.1177/1089268019831645. http://osf.io/u98cw/.
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