Medicine:Parachute mitral valve
Parachute mitral valve (or PMV) is a rare congenital heart disease where the mitral valve only has a single papillary muscle from which all chordae tendineae originate. It is caused by an embryologic failure of papillary muscles to divide into two normally distinct columns, giving the mitral valve orifice and chordea an irregular, parachute-like appearance. Due to the abnormal anatomy, there are almost always associated mitral valve disorders, and because of its abnormal embryologic origin, PMV almost always coincides in a complex of other congenital heart defects.[1] PMV is usually identified during infancy or childhood due to its symptomatic nature, and hardly ever diagnosed during adulthood.
Clinical significance
Associated Mitral Valve Disease
As a result of the thickened and shortened chordae, there is a restriction of the inflow of blood to mitral valve annulus and subannulus causing a narrowing known as mitral stenosis which increases the pressure gradient through the valve. Also, abnormal closure of the mitral valve leaflets or mitral valve prolapse will cause the valve significantly leak during closure known as mitral valve insufficiency.
Parachute mitral valve is commonly associated with other congenital heart disease. A 2004 study finds that children with PMV are 68% likely to have aortic coarctation, 54% likely to have an atrial septal defect, 46% likely to have a ventricular septal defect, and 19% likely to have left ventricular hypoplasia.[2] Parachute mitral valve is also a part of the congenital complex of Shone's Syndrome.[3]
Unfortunately, the overall outcome of the children diagnosed with parachute mitral valve especially with the other likely multilevel left-heart diseases is only somewhat satisfactory.[4] However, with increasingly improved technology for mitral valve reconstructions, repairs and replacements procedures, outcomes are expected to improve in the future.
References
- ↑ Shone, J. D.; Sellers, R. D.; Anderson, R. C.; Adams, P.; Lillehei, C. W.; Edwards, J. E. (June 1963). "The developmental complex of "parachute mitral valve," supravalvular ring of left atrium, subaortic stenosis, and coarctation of aorta". The American Journal of Cardiology 11: 714–725. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(63)90098-5. ISSN 0002-9149. PMID 13988650. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13988650/.
- ↑ Schaverien, Mark V.; Freedom, Robert M.; McCrindle, Brian W. (2004-05-18). "Independent Factors Associated With Outcomes of Parachute Mitral Valve in 84 Patients" (in en). Circulation 109 (19): 2309–2313. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000129269.98460.C8. ISSN 0009-7322. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.CIR.0000129269.98460.C8.
- ↑ Themes, U. F. O. (2018-12-25). "Mitral Valve Repair for Congenital Mitral Valve Disease in the Adult" (in en-US). https://thoracickey.com/mitral-valve-repair-for-congenital-mitral-valve-disease-in-the-adult/.
- ↑ Walter, E. M. Delmo; Schmitt, K.; Hetzer, R. (June 2015). "Repair Strategies in Hammock and Parachute Mitral Valves in Infants and Children" (in en). The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon 63 (S 3): V0006. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1555963. ISSN 0171-6425. http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0035-1555963.
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