Medicine:Pulpotomy

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Pulpotomy is a minimally invasive procedure performed in children on a primary tooth with extensive caries but without evidence of root pathology.[1] The minimally invasive endodontic techniques of vital pulp therapy (VPT) are based on improved understanding of the capacity of pulp (nerve) tissues to heal and regenerate plus the availability of advanced endodontic materials. During the caries removal, this  results in a carious or mechanical pulp exposure (bleeding) from the cavity. During pulpotomy, the inflamed/diseased pulp tissue is removed from the coronal pulp chamber of the tooth leaving healthy pulp tissue which is dressed with a long-term clinically successful medicament that maintains the survival of the pulp and promotes repair.[2] There are various types of medicament placed above the vital pulp such as Buckley's Solution of formocresol, ferric sulfate, calcium hydroxide or mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA).[1] MTA is a more recent material used for pulpotomies with a high rate of success, better than formocresol or ferric sulfate. It is also recommended to be the preferred pulpotomy agent in the future.[3][4] After the coronal pulp chamber is filled, the tooth is restored with a filling material that seals the tooth from microleakage, such as a stainless steel crown which is the most effective long-term restoration. However, if there is sufficient remaining supporting tooth structure, other filling materials such as amalgam or composite resin can provide a functional alternative when the primary tooth has a life span of two years or less.[1] The medium- to long-term treatment outcomes of pulpotomy in symptomatic permanent teeth with caries, especially in young people, indicate that pulpotomy can be a potential alternative to root canal therapy (RCT).[5]

Diagram of pulpotomy

There is another term, which is also related to vital pulp therapy, which is apexogenesis. Apexogenesis is a treatment in preserving vital pulp tissue in the apical part of a root canal to allow the completion in formation of the root apex. This clinical procedure is essentially a deep pulpotomy, aimed to preserve the pulp in immature teeth that have deep pulpal inflammation. Examples include teeth with carious exposures and trauma in which treatment of the exposed pulp is delayed and it becomes necessary to extend farther into the canal to reach healthy tissue.[6]

Objectives

In primary tooth

After the pulpotomy treatment, the radicular pulp should remain asymptomatic without any adverse clinical signs or symptoms such as sensitivity, pain, or swelling. From the radiographs, there should be absence of postoperative evidence of pathologic root resorption. There should be absence of clinical signs of infection and inflammation and no harm to the succedaneous tooth.[1] However, radiographs play a very important role, to check if pulpotomy can be done on the primary tooth. For example, the aspects we considered are the extension of caries in the primary tooth, and the development of the succedaneous permanent tooth.

The radiograph shows a primary tooth with succedaneous permanent teeth. Radiographs are needed to determine if pulpotomy can be carried out.

In mature permanent tooth

The tooth should be asymptomatic. There should be no clinical signs and symptoms. From the radiographs, there should be absence of postoperative evidence of pathology.[1]

In immature tooth

Pulpotomy allows the continuation of root formation, leading to tooth end closure, preservation and maintenance of pulp vitality, stronger root structure and greater structural integrity.[7]

Indications

Primary teeth

Primary/deciduous (baby) teeth in children have relatively large pulp spaces. Caries do not have to develop significantly before they reach the pulp chamber.

When the soft tissue in the pulp chamber is infected (has bacteria in it) or affected (is inflamed), it can be removed by a dentist or dental therapist under local anaesthetic. If the soft tissue in the canals is still healthy enough, a special medicated filling can be put into the chamber in an attempt to keep the remaining pulp (in the canals) alive. The process of removing the pulp from the chamber is the actual "pulpotomy", though the word is often used for the entire process including placement of the medication. There are many medicaments that can be used to fill the pulp chamber including zinc-oxide eugenol as well as mineral trioxide aggregate.

There are two types of pulpotomy techniques depending the extent of caries in a tooth and the symptoms it presents. A vital pulpotomy or a non-vital pulpotomy can be carried out. However, recent research shows that non-vital pulpotomies are rarely indicated due to their low success rates and it is therefore sometimes better to extract the tooth.

Afterwards the tooth is restored with a regular filling, either composite or amalgam, or a stainless steel crown. Due to the process of a pulpotomy causing the tooth to become slightly brittle, a stainless steel crown is normally indicated as the preferred choice of definitive restoration.

A pulpotomy can be done to both permanent and primary teeth.

Types

Primary teeth

The indication of this pulpotomy procedure is when pulp exposure occurs during caries removal in a primary tooth with a normal pulp or reversible pulpitis or after a traumatic pulp exposure.[1]  Then, the coronal tissue is amputated, and the remaining radicular tissue is judged to be vital without suppuration, pus, necrosis, or excessive bleeding which cannot be controlled by a moist cotton pellet (with saline) after several minutes, and there are no radiographic signs of infection or pathologic resorption.[1]

Pulpotomy therapy can be classified according to the following treatment objectives: devitalization (mummification, cauterization), preservation (minimal devitalization, noninductive), or regeneration (inductive, reparative).[8]

Devitalization

Multiple visits with application of formocresol in pulpotomy is used to fix the radicular pulp completely to reduce pulp infection. The radicular pulp was theoretically sterilized and devitalized, thereby reducing infection and internal resorption.

Another form of nonchemical devitalization emerged: electrosurgical pulpotomy. Electrocautery releases heat that denatures pulp and reduces bacterial contamination. Experimentally, electrosurgery has been shown to reduce pathologic root resorption and periapical pathology, and a series of pulpal effects including acute and chronic inflammation, swelling and diffuse necrosis. It is reported that this method has high success rate in pulpotomies.

However, this method may prove to be more diagnosis and technique sensitive, and it may not be suitable if apical root resorption has occurred.[8]

Preservation

Zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) was the first agent to be used for preservation. In recent years, glutaraldehyde has been proposed as an alternative to formocresol based on: its superior fixative properties and low toxicity. A nonaldehyde chemical, ferric sulfate, has received some attention recently as a pulpotomy agent. It minimizes the chances for inflammation and internal resorption. This category of pulp therapy is still in flux, although major changes in the future are not likely.[8]

Regeneration

The ideal pulpotomy treatment should leave the radicular pulp alive and healthy. In this case, the tooth should be filled with noxious restorative materials within, thereby diminishing the chances of internal resorption, as well as formation of reparative dentin. Calcium hydroxide was the first agent used in pulpotomies that demonstrated any capacity to induce regeneration of dentin. However, the success rate is not that high. Recent advances in the field of bone and dentin formation have opened exciting new vistas for pulp therapy, which is a factor called bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). It has bone inductive properties, that can predictably induce bone for use in the fields of orthopedic, oral, and periodontal surgery. Most importantly for dentistry, these osteogenic proteins hold promise for pulp therapy.[8]

Young permanent teeth

Partial pulpotomy for carious exposures

Partial pulpotomy is also indicated in young permanent teeth with pulp exposure due to caries, provided that the bleeding can be controlled within several minutes. It is a procedure in which the inflamed pulp tissue beneath an exposure is removed to a depth of 1 to 3mm or deeper to reach the level of healthy pulp tissue. Pulpal bleeding can be controlled by irrigation of sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine. The site is then covered with a pulpal medicament, calcium hydroxide or MTA, followed by a final restoration that provides a complete seal to prevent any leakage and bacterial contamination following the restoration.[1]

After the procedure, the remaining pulp should remain vital and the patient should be free of any adverse clinical signs or symptoms such as sensitivity, pain or swelling. Immature teeth should continue its normal development and apexogenesis.[1]

Partial pulpotomy for traumatic exposures

Tooth crown fractures are one of the most common dental injuries and the pulp is exposed in approximately 25% of all crown fractures.[9] Maintaining vitality of the pulp tissue in an immature tooth is important to allow continued growth of the tooth.

Partial pulpotomy due to a traumatic exposure is also known as Cvek Pulpotomy. The procedure involves removal of 1 to 3 mm (0.04 to 0.1 in) of inflamed pulp tissue beneath an exposure to reach  the level of healthy pulp tissue. The surface of the remaining pulp is then irrigated with bacteriocidal irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine until bleeding has ceased. The site is then covered with a pulpal medicament, either calcium hydroxide or MTA.[1] The remaining cavity is then restored with a material that provides a complete seal to prevent any leakage and bacterial contamination following the restoration.[10]

The remaining pulp tissue should continue to be vital after partial pulpotomy and teeth with immature roots should show continued normal development and apexogenesis. There should be no signs of pain, swelling, or sensitivity after the procedure.[1] Cvek at al reported that partial pulpotomies after a traumatic exposure had a success rate of 96%.[11]

Medicaments

Pulpotomy is a vital pulp therapy, medicaments that can promote healing and preserve the vitality of the tooth should be placed after removal of the inflamed pulp.[12]

In primary teeth medicaments such as formocresol, mineral trioxide aggregate, zinc oxide eugenol and calcium hydroxide can be used in pulpotomy. Formocresol use has been questioned due to toxicity concerns.[13] Ferric sulfate, sodium hypochlorite[14][15] or a local anaesthetic solution containing a vasoconstrictor agent can be used to arrest any bleeding from the pulp prior to the placement of medicament. Calcium enriched mixtures have been used in permanent molar teeth with irreversible pulpitis showing positive outcomes.[16]

Ferric sulfate

Ferric sulfate is used to arrest pulpal bleeding by forming a sealing membrane through the agglutination of the blood proteins with ferric and sulfate ions. This metal-protein clot at the surface of the pulp may act as a barrier to external irritants. The physiological clot formation is thought to be able to minimize inflammation and internal resorption compared to calcium hydroxide. Most importantly, ferric sulfate causes minimal devitalization and subsequent preservation of the pulp tissue.[17] Ferric sulphate has been shown to have close to a 100% clinical success compared to formocresol (77%) with one-year follow-up.[18]

Formocresol

Formocresol has been used in pulpotomy procedures of the primary teeth since 80 years. Formocresol is both a bactericidal and devitalizing agent. It kills bacteria and converts the pulp tissue into inert compounds. This action fastens the vital pulp, maintaining them inert and conserves the primary tooth until it falls off physiologically.[19] However, formaldehyde, a primary component in formocresol has raised concerns regarding its safe of use. Formaldehyde is a hazardous substance and has perceived the need to reevaluate the use of formocresol.[19][20]

Zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE)

After pulpal bleeding is arrested, a suitable base such as zinc oxide-eugenol is placed to seal the tooth from microleakage.[1] ZOE is a nontoxic material for pulpal cells and possess antimicrobial as well as anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, it also has local anesthetic or soothing effect on the dental pulp.[21][22]

Calcium hydroxide

Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 is conventionally used as a pulpotomy agent of the permanent teeth but with less long-term success.[1] Calcium hydroxide is a highly alkaline (pH 12) material that has bactericidal effect and has the potential to enhance reparative dentin (dentin bridge) formation. However, it also leads to superficial necrosis of the pulp tissue in contact with the medication and has been shown to be toxic to cells in tissue culture.[12][21] Therefore, in spite being a popular vital pulp therapy material, its use as a pulpotomy agent remains controversial.

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)

MTA is a more recent material that consists of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, tetracalcium aluminoferrite, bismuth oxide and calcium sulfate. MTA is known to have excellent physical characteristics, biocompatibility and has the ability to stimulate cytokine release from pulpal fibroblast, which can stimulate hard tissue formation. It has better structural integrity and forms a thicker, more localized dentinal bridge.[20][12] MTA results in a more predictable dentin bridge formation and pulpal health.[1] MTA has a high rate of success and has been shown to perform equal or better than formocresol or ferric sulfate. However, the cost, availability and difficulty in handling this material remains its current drawback.[1][12]

Alternative pulpotomy techniques

Electro-surgery pulpotomy

Electro-surgical pulpotomy is a method of cutting and coagulating soft tissues by means of high frequency radio waves. It can control bleeding without chemical coagulation and is antibacterial. Electrosurgical pulpotomy has a success rate of 70 to 94%. However, it is considered as a sensitive technique.[19][23]

Laser pulpotomy

The carbon dioxide laser emits an infrared beam that has an affinity for water, and is capable of producing well-localized cautery to soft tissue. Tissue is removed by ablation through conversion of the laser beam to heat. The carbon dioxide laser appears to be a promising alternative for pulpotomy therapy.[24]

Clinical significance

Conserving the vitality of pulp tissues appears to be a less painful alternative to root canal treatment (RCT) for younger patients. The high success rate reported for pulpotomy suggests that this procedure offers hope as an alternative to root canal treatment in teeth with a diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis.[25][26]

See also

  • Pulpectomy

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 "Overview". https://www.aapd.org/research/oral-health-policies--recommendations/pulp-therapy-for-primary-and-immature-permanent-teeth/. 
  2. ↑ Cushley, Siobhan; Duncan, Henry F.; Lappin, Mark J.; Tomson, Phillip L.; Lundy, Fionnuala T.; Cooper, Paul; Clarke, Mike; El Karim, Ikhlas A. (September 2019). "Pulpotomy for mature carious teeth with symptoms of irreversible pulpitis: A systematic review". Journal of Dentistry 88: 103158. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2019.06.005. ISSN 1879-176X. PMID 31229496. https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/174235726/1_s2.0_S0300571219301290_main.pdf. 
  3. ↑ Ng, F. K.; Messer, L. B. (March 2008). "Mineral trioxide aggregate as a pulpotomy medicament: a narrative review". European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry 9 (1): 4–11. doi:10.1007/bf03321589. ISSN 1818-6300. PMID 18328232. 
  4. ↑ Seale, N. Sue; Glickman, Gerald N. (May 2008). "Contemporary perspectives on vital pulp therapy: views from the endodontists and pediatric dentists". Pediatric Dentistry 30 (3): 261–267. ISSN 0164-1263. PMID 18615993. 
  5. ↑ Barngkgei, Imad Hassan; Halboub, Esam Saleh; Alboni, Roula Safouh (2013). "Pulpotomy of Symptomatic Permanent Teeth with Carious Exposure Using Mineral Trioxide Aggregate". Iranian Endodontic Journal 8 (2): 65–68. ISSN 1735-7497. PMID 23717332. 
  6. ↑ Cohen, Stephen (2011), "Introduction", Cohen's Pathways of the Pulp, Elsevier, pp. xvi, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-06489-7.00037-0, ISBN 978-0-323-06489-7 
  7. ↑ Nosrat, Ali; Asgary, Saeed (May 2010). "Apexogenesis treatment with a new endodontic cement: a case report". Journal of Endodontics 36 (5): 912–914. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2009.11.025. ISSN 1878-3554. PMID 20416445. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Ranly, D. M. (November 1994). "Pulpotomy therapy in primary teeth: new modalities for old rationales". Pediatric Dentistry 16 (6): 403–409. ISSN 0164-1263. PMID 7854945. 
  9. ↑ Krastl, Gabriel; Weiger, Roland (2014-12-01). "Vital pulp therapy after trauma". ENDO - Endodontic Practice Today 8: 293–300. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282705924. 
  10. ↑ Fong, Cheng D.; Davis, Martin J. (January 2002). "Partial pulpotomy for immature permanent teeth, its present and future". Pediatric Dentistry 24 (1): 29–32. ISSN 0164-1263. PMID 11874055. 
  11. ↑ Cvek, Miomir (1978-01-01). "A clinical report on partial pulpotomy and capping with calcium hydroxide in permanent incisors with complicated crown fracture" (in en). Journal of Endodontics 4 (8): 232–237. doi:10.1016/S0099-2399(78)80153-8. ISSN 0099-2399. PMID 283188. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Taneja, Saumya; Singh, Abhinav (2019-08-01). "Evaluation of effectiveness of calcium hydroxide and MTA as pulpotomy agents in permanent teeth: A meta-analysis" (in en). Pediatric Dental Journal 29 (2): 90–96. doi:10.1016/j.pdj.2019.04.001. ISSN 0917-2394. 
  13. ↑ "Effects of mineral trioxide aggregate and formocresol on vital pulp after pulpotomy of primary molars: An in vivo study". Contemporary Clinical Dentistry 2 (4): 296–301. October 2011. doi:10.4103/0976-237X.91792. PMID 22346156. 
  14. ↑ "Sodium hypochlorite vs formocresol as pulpotomy medicaments in primary molars: 1-year follow-up". Pediatric Dentistry 35 (4): 329–32. 2013. PMID 23930631. http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/nlm?genre=article&issn=0164-1263&volume=35&issue=4&spage=329&aulast=Shabzendedar. 
  15. ↑ "Sodium hypochlorite versus Formocresol in primary molars pulpotomies: a randomized clinical trial". European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 14 (1): 33–6. March 2013. PMID 23597217. 
  16. ↑ "Health Technology Assessment of CEM Pulpotomy in Permanent Molars with Irreversible Pulpitis". Iranian Endodontic Journal 9 (1): 23–9. 2014. PMID 24396372. 
  17. ↑ Bandi, Madhuri; Mallineni, Sreekanth Kumar; Nuvvula, Sivakumar (2017). "Clinical applications of ferric sulfate in dentistry: A narrative review". Journal of Conservative Dentistry 20 (4): 278–281. doi:10.4103/JCD.JCD_259_16. ISSN 0972-0707. PMID 29259368. 
  18. ↑ Fei, A. L.; Udin, R. D.; Johnson, R. (November 1991). "A clinical study of ferric sulphate as a pulpotomy agent in primary teeth". Pediatric Dentistry 13 (6): 327–332. ISSN 0164-1263. PMID 1843987. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 "Formocresol, still a controversial material for pulpotomy: A critical literature review". http://www.jresdent.org/article.asp?issn=2321-4619;year=2014;volume=2;issue=3;spage=114;epage=124;aul. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Rodd, H. D.; Waterhouse, P. J.; Fuks, A. B.; Fayle, S. A.; Moffat, M. A.; British Society of Paediatric Dentistry (September 2006). "Pulp therapy for primary molars". International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 16 Suppl 1 (s1): 15–23. doi:10.1111/j.1365-263X.2006.00774.x. ISSN 0960-7439. PMID 16939452. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Harandi, Azadeh; Forghani, Maryam; Ghoddusi, Jamileh (2013). "Vital Pulp Therapy with Three Different Pulpotomy Agents in Immature Molars: A Case Report". Iranian Endodontic Journal 8 (3): 145–148. ISSN 1735-7497. PMID 23922578. 
  22. ↑ Markowitz, K.; Moynihan, M.; Liu, M.; Kim, S. (June 1992). "Biologic properties of eugenol and zinc oxide-eugenol. A clinically oriented review". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology 73 (6): 729–737. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(92)90020-q. ISSN 0030-4220. PMID 1437045. 
  23. ↑ Cameron, Angus C.; Widmer, Richard P. (2013). Handbook of Pediatric Dentistry | ScienceDirect. Mosby. ISBN 9780723436959. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780723436959/handbook-of-pediatric-dentistry. Retrieved 2020-01-24. 
  24. ↑ Elliott, R. D.; Roberts, M. W.; Burkes, J.; Phillips, C. (September 1999). "Evaluation of the carbon dioxide laser on vital human primary pulp tissue". Pediatric Dentistry 21 (6): 327–331. ISSN 0164-1263. PMID 10509333. 
  25. ↑ "Pulpotomy for young vital pulps with carious exposure" (in en). Dental Abstracts 64 (1): 33–34. 2019-01-01. doi:10.1016/j.denabs.2018.09.025. ISSN 0011-8486. 
  26. ↑ Cushley, Siobhan; Duncan, Henry F.; Lappin, Mark J.; Tomson, Phillip L.; Lundy, Fionnuala T.; Cooper, Paul; Clarke, Mike; El Karim, Ikhlas A. (2019-09-01). "Pulpotomy for mature carious teeth with symptoms of irreversible pulpitis: A systematic review" (in en). Journal of Dentistry 88: 103158. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2019.06.005. ISSN 0300-5712. PMID 31229496. https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/174235726/1_s2.0_S0300571219301290_main.pdf. 

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