Organization:List of modern universities in Europe (1801–1945)

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Humboldt University, founded in Berlin in 1810, was a much emulated model of a modern university in the 19th century (photochrom from 1900).[1]
University of London, founded in 1836, was established as an independent examining board for affiliated colleges, with King's College London and University College London as the founding colleges.[2]

The list of modern universities in Europe (1801–1940) contains all universities that were founded in Europe after the French Revolution and before the end of World War II. Universities are regarded as comprising all institutions of higher education recognized as universities by the public or ecclesiastical authorities in charge and authorized to confer academic degrees in more than one faculty.[3] Temporary foundations are also included. Where institutions not meeting the definition of a University are included (e.g. university colleges) these are indicated by footnotes.

At the outset of the 19th century, European universities had been severely affected by the Napoleonic Wars, their number falling in the brief span of time between 1789 and 1815 from 143 to 83.[4] By 1840 their number recovered to 98 universities with approximately 80,000 students and 5,000 professors.[4] Notwithstanding the trend towards specialized institutions of higher learning – in France , for instance, the universities had been suppressed and replaced by Grandes écoles – the size of the student and professor bodies multiplied over the next hundred years, attaining a size of 600,000 and 32,000 members respectively at around two hundred universities.[4] In total, the period saw about 220 universities in existence that are listed below.[3][A 1]

List

The list is sorted by the date of recognition. At places where more than one university was established, the name of the institution is given in brackets.

19th century

Recognized University Modern country
1802 Tartu Estonia
1803[3] Rennes France
1804[3] Kazan (State University) Russia
1804[3] Kharkiv Ukraine
1805[3] Clermont-Ferrand (University of Auvergne) France
1806[5] Prague Polytechnic Czech Republic
1808[3] Lyon (Claude Bernard University) France
1808[3] Rouen France
1808[6] Belgrade Serbia
1810[3] Berlin (Humboldt University) Germany
1811[3] Oslo (formerly Christiania) Norway
1816[3] Warsaw Poland
1816[3] Liège Belgium
1816/17[3] Ghent Belgium
1817 Leuven (State University)[A 2] Belgium
1817[3] Lille France
1818[3] Bonn Germany
1822 Lampeter[A 3] Wales
1823[3] Corfu Greece
1825[3] Karlsruhe (Institute of Technology) Germany
1826[7] London (University College)[A 4] England
1828[3] Dresden (Technical University) Germany
1829[9] London (King's College)[A 5] England
1829[11] Copenhagen (Technical University) Denmark
1829[3] Stuttgart Germany
1831[12] Namur Belgium
1831[3] Hannover Germany
1832[3] Durham England
1833[3] Zurich Switzerland
1834[3] Bern Switzerland
1834 Leuven (Catholic University)[A 6] Belgium
1834[3] Brussels (Free University of) Belgium
1834[3] Kyiv Ukraine
1836[3] London (University of) England
1836[3] Madrid Spain
1836[3] Chemnitz (Technical University) Germany
1837[3] Athens (University of) Greece
1842[13][failed verification] Delft (Technical University)[A 7] Netherlands
1845[3] Belfast[A 8] Northern Ireland
1845[3] Cork[A 9] Ireland
1845[3] Galway[A 10] Ireland
1851[3] Manchester (Owens College)[A 11] England
1854[3] Dublin (Catholic University)[A 12] Ireland
1854[15][failed verification] Amsterdam and Groningen (Theological University)[A 13] Netherlands
1854[16] Kampen (Theological University of the Reformed Churches)[A 14] Netherlands
1855[3] ETH Zurich Switzerland
1858[17] Brussels (Saint-Louis University)[A 15] Belgium
1860[3] Iași Romania
1864[3] Bucharest Romania
1865[3] Odessa Ukraine
1868[18] Moscow (Technical University)[A 16] Russia
1868[3] Munich (Technical University) Germany
1869[3] Zagreb Croatia
1870[3] Aachen (RWTH) Germany
1871 Newcastle[A 17] England
1872 Sciences Po France
1872[3] Geneva Switzerland
1872[3] Aberystwyth[A 18] Wales
1872[3] Cluj-Napoca (Franz Joseph University) Romania
1874 Leeds[A 19] England
1875[3] Czernowitz Ukraine
1875[3] Angers France
1875[3] Lille (Catholic University) France
1875[3] Lyon France
1875[3] Paris France
1875 Birmingham[A 20] England
1876 Bristol[A 21] England
1877 Darmstadt (Technical University)[A 22] Germany
1877[3] Toulouse France
1877[3] Stockholm Sweden
1876[13][failed verification] Wageningen[A 23] Netherlands
1879 Sheffield[A 24] England
1880[3] Amsterdam (Free University) Netherlands
1880 Manchester (Victoria University) England
1881[3] Nottingham[A 25] England
1881[22] Dundee[A 26] Scotland
1883[3] Liverpool[A 27] England
1883[3] Cardiff[A 28] Wales
1884[3] Bangor[A 29] Wales
1886[23] Deusto Spain
1887[3] Athens (Technical) Greece
1888[3] Sofia Bulgaria
1889[3] Fribourg Switzerland
1890[3] Lausanne Switzerland
1893[3] Wales Wales
1894[24][failed verification] Apeldoorn (Theological University)[A 30] Netherlands
1894[3] Ilmenau (Institute of Technology) Germany
1896[25] Mons Belgium
1899 Brno University of Technology Czech Republic

20th century

Recognized University Modern country
1901 Reading[A 31] England
1902[26] Southampton[A 32] England
1904[3] Comillas Spain
1904 Příbram (Mining University) Czech Republic
1905[3] Belgrade Serbia
1907 [27] London (Imperial College)[A 33] England
1908[3] Rome (Angelicum) Italy
1909[3] Neuchâtel Switzerland
1909[3] Saratov Russia
1911[3] Reykjavík Iceland
1911[3] Porto Portugal
1912[3] Debrecen Hungary
1913[28] Mogilev[A 34] Belarus
1913[13] Rotterdam (Erasmus University)[A 35] Netherlands
1914[3] Frankfurt Germany
1915[3] Murcia Spain
1915[3] Rostov-on-Don Russia
1916[29] Nizhny Novgorod Russia
1917[3] Turku (Åbo Akademi) Finland
1917[3] Perm Russia
1918[3] Tbilisi Georgia
1918[3] Dnipro Ukraine
1918[3] Smolensk Russia
1918[3] Petrograd (Communist University) Russia
1918[3] Moscow (State Pedagogical University) Russia
1918[3] Voronezh Russia
1919 Baku State University Azerbaijan
1919[3] Warsaw (Free Polish University) Poland
1919 Bratislava Slovakia
1919[3] Brno (Masaryk University) Czech Republic
1919 Brno (Mendel University) Czech Republic
1919[3] Hamburg Germany
1919 Ljubljana Slovenia
1919[3] Poznań Poland
1919[3] Riga Latvia
1919[3] Moscow (Sverdlov University) Russia
1919 Cluj-Napoca Romania
1919[13] Tilburg[A 36] Netherlands
1920[3] Yerevan State University Armenia
1920[3] Turku (University of) Finland
1920[3] Sofia (UNWE) Bulgaria
1920[3] Milan (Catholic University) Italy
1920[3] Lublin Poland
1920[3] Bucharest (Politehnica) Romania
1920 Timișoara Romania
1920[3] Samara Russia
1920[3] Yekaterinburg Russia
1920[3] Swansea[A 37] Wales
1921[3] Minsk Belarus
1921[3] Moscow (KUNMZ) Russia
1921[3] Moscow (KUTV) Russia
1921[3] Pécs Hungary
1921[3] Szeged Hungary
1922[3] Kaunas Lithuania
1923[3] Nijmegen (Radboud University) Netherlands
1923[3] Bari Italy
1923[3] Tbilisi Georgia
1924[3] Milan (University of) Italy
1924[3] Trieste Italy
1925[3] Thessaloniki Greece
1927 Geneva (Graduate Institute of International Studies)[A 38] Switzerland
1930[3] Lisbon (Technical University) Portugal
1934[3] Aarhus Denmark
1937 Bratislava (Technical University) Slovakia
1937 Iași (Gheorghe Asachi) Romania
1940[3] Salamanca (Pontifical University) Spain
1940 Chișinău Moldova

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ This number also includes Russian universities in the Asian part of the country which are not included in this list.
  2. ↑ Closed 1835
  3. ↑ Not listed by Rüegg (p. 684).[3] Limited degree awarding powers: Bachelor of Divinity 1852; Bachelor of Arts 1865. College of the University of Wales 1971. Recognised as a university 2007.
  4. ↑ Listed as part of the University of London rather than a separate institution by Rüegg (p. 684).[3] UCL was founded in 1826 but not formally recognised as a college and affiliated to the University of London until 1836. Formally remains a college of the University of London and not a university. Degree awarding powers 2005.[8]
  5. ↑ Listed as part of the University of London rather than a separate institution by Rüegg (p. 684).[3] King's was recognised as a college in 1829 and affiliated to the University of London in 1836. Formally remains a college of the University of London and not a university. Degree awarding powers 2006.[10]
  6. ↑ Divided into French and Dutch speaking universities 1968
  7. ↑ Founded as a royal academy in 1842. Recognised as a Hoogeschool with university status in 1905.[13]
  8. ↑ Queen's College, Belfast 1845. College of the Queen's University of Ireland 1850. Affiliated to the Royal University of Ireland 1879. Recognised as a university 1908.[14]
  9. ↑ Queen's College, Cork 1845. College of the Queen's University of Ireland 1850. Affiliated to the Royal University of Ireland 1879. College of the National University of Ireland 1908. Recognised as a constituent university of the National University 1997.
  10. ↑ Queen's College, Galway 1845. College of the Queen's University of Ireland 1850. Affiliated to the Royal University of Ireland 1879. College of the National University of Ireland 1908. Recognised as a constituent university of the National University 1997.
  11. ↑ Owens College 1851. College of the Victoria University 1880. Recognised as a university 1903.
  12. ↑ Not recognised as a university by the civil authorities. Reformed as University College Dublin and affiliated to the Royal University of Ireland 1880. College of the National University of Ireland 1908. Recognised as a constituent university of the National University 1997.
  13. ↑ Founded as a theological school in 1854. Recognised as a Hoogeschool with university status in 1939.[15][failed verification]
  14. ↑ Founded as a theological school in 1854. Recognised as a university in 1987.[16]
  15. ↑ Established 1858 as the philosophy department of the Institut Saint-Louis. University-status confirmed in 1890.[17]
  16. ↑ Craft School 1830. University 1868.[19]
  17. ↑ Durham University College of Science 1871. Recognised as a university 1963.
  18. ↑ Listed as part of the University of Wales rather than a separate institution by Rüegg (p. 687). University College Wales 1872. College of the University of Wales 1893. Recognised as a university 2007.
  19. ↑ Yorkshire College of Science 1874. College of the Victoria University 1887. Recognised as a university 1904.[20]
  20. ↑ Mason Science College 1875. Recognised as a university 1900.
  21. ↑ University College, Bristol 1876. Recognised as a university 1909.
  22. ↑ Opened as a trade school in 1842. Formation of Polytechnic School by merger with other schools in 1869. Elevated to status of Technische Hochschule with university status in 1877 (foundation year acc. university). Current name as Technical University of Darmstadt since 1997.[21]
  23. ↑ Founded as an agricultural college in 1876. Recognised as a Hoogeschool with university status in 1918.[13][failed verification]
  24. ↑ Firth College 1879. Recognised as a university 1905.
  25. ↑ University College, Nottingham 1881. Recognised as a university 1948.
  26. ↑ University College, Dundee 1881. College of the University of St Andrews 1897. Recognised as a university 1967.
  27. ↑ University College, Liverpool 1883. College of the Victoria University 1884. Recognised as a university 1903.
  28. ↑ Listed as part of the University of Wales rather than a separate institution by Rüegg (p. 687). University College South Wales and Monmouthshire 1883. College of the University of Wales 1893. Recognised as a university 2005.
  29. ↑ Listed as part of the University of Wales rather than a separate institution by Rüegg (p. 687). University College North Wales 1884. College of the University of Wales 1893. Recognised as a university 2007.
  30. ↑ Founded as a theological school in The Hague in 1894. Relocated to Apeldoorn in 1919. Recognised as a Hoogeschool with university status in 1962.[24][failed verification]
  31. ↑ University Extension College 1892. University College Reading 1901. Recognised as a university 1926.
  32. ↑ Hartley University College 1902. Recognised as a university 1952.[26]
  33. ↑ Founded as a college of the University of London by merging the pre-existing Royal College of Science, Royal School of Mines and City and Guilds College into a single institution. Separated from the University of London in 2007 becoming independent.[27]
  34. ↑ Teachers School 1913. University 1997.
  35. ↑ Founded as a school in 1913. Recognised as a Hoogeschool with university status in 1937. Current name as Erasmus University since 1973[13]
  36. ↑ Founded as a school of commerce in 1919. Recognised as a Hoogeschool with university status in 1939.[13]
  37. ↑ Listed as part of the University of Wales rather than a separate institution by Rüegg (p. 687). University College Swansea 1920, a college of the University of Wales. Recognised as a university 2007.
  38. ↑ Specialist graduate school rather than full university

References

  1. ↑ Rüegg 2004, pp. 4–6
  2. ↑ "University of London: History". http://www.london.ac.uk/history.html. 
  3. ↑ 3.000 3.001 3.002 3.003 3.004 3.005 3.006 3.007 3.008 3.009 3.010 3.011 3.012 3.013 3.014 3.015 3.016 3.017 3.018 3.019 3.020 3.021 3.022 3.023 3.024 3.025 3.026 3.027 3.028 3.029 3.030 3.031 3.032 3.033 3.034 3.035 3.036 3.037 3.038 3.039 3.040 3.041 3.042 3.043 3.044 3.045 3.046 3.047 3.048 3.049 3.050 3.051 3.052 3.053 3.054 3.055 3.056 3.057 3.058 3.059 3.060 3.061 3.062 3.063 3.064 3.065 3.066 3.067 3.068 3.069 3.070 3.071 3.072 3.073 3.074 3.075 3.076 3.077 3.078 3.079 3.080 3.081 3.082 3.083 3.084 3.085 3.086 3.087 3.088 3.089 3.090 3.091 3.092 3.093 3.094 3.095 3.096 3.097 3.098 3.099 3.100 3.101 3.102 3.103 3.104 3.105 3.106 3.107 3.108 3.109 3.110 3.111 3.112 3.113 Rüegg 2004, pp. 673–691
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Rüegg 2004, p. 3
  5. ↑ 1707 - 1806 as institute that was formally part of University of Prague, from 1806 onwards as stand-alone institution
  6. ↑ Mirković, Zoran (2008). "Pravne studije krajem XVIII i početkom XIX veka i Beogradska velika škola 1808-1813. godine" (in Serbian). Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu (Faculty of Law, University of Belgrade) 56 (1): 126-149. https://bic-pk.ceon.rs/article.aspx?artid=0003-25650801126M. 
  7. ↑ "About UCL". http://www.ucl.ac.uk/about-ucl. 
  8. ↑ "Your Degree". UCL. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/graduation/yourdegree. 
  9. ↑ "King's College London – Overview". http://www.kcl.ac.uk/aboutkings/history/overview.aspx. 
  10. ↑ "King's Governance". King's College London. http://www.kcl.ac.uk/aboutkings/governance/about/index.aspx. 
  11. ↑ "History of DTU". http://www.dtu.dk/english/About/HISTORY. 
  12. ↑ "Schéma directeur de l'UCLouvain". UCLouvain. http://www2.usaintlouis.be/prive/etud/Information/annexes_regroupees_du_schema_directeur_vfin.pdf. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 Rüegg 2004, pp. 39
  14. ↑ "History of Queen's". Queen's University Belfast. http://www.qub.ac.uk/home/TheUniversity/AboutQueens/HistoryofQueens/. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 About the PthU – website of the Protestant Theological University]
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "History". Theological University Kampen. https://en.tukampen.nl/portal-informatiepagina/history. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "A short history of Saint-Louis". http://www.usaintlouis.be/sl/915.html. 
  18. ↑ "About the University". Bauman Moscow State Technical University. http://www.bmstu.ru/en/general-information/about-bmstu/. 
  19. ↑ "ОЧЕРК СЕДЬМОЙ БОРЬБА ЗА СТАТУС ВЫСШЕГО УЧЕБНОГО ЗАВЕДЕНИЯ". Bauman Moscow State Technical University. http://www.bmstu.ru/~vil/kniga/o7.htm. 
  20. ↑ "Heritage". University of Leeds. https://www.leeds.ac.uk/info/5000/about/133/heritage. 
  21. ↑ History: From Institution of Higher Education to University – website of the TU Darmstadt
  22. ↑ "About: Facts and figures". University of Dundee. http://www.dundee.ac.uk/about/facts-and-figures/. 
  23. ↑ [1] University of Deusto website: History and Mission (retrieved 9 Sept 2012)
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 About TUA – website of the Theological University of Apeldoorn
  25. ↑ "Schéma directeur de l'UCLouvain". UCLouvain. http://www2.usaintlouis.be/prive/etud/Information/annexes_regroupees_du_schema_directeur_vfin.pdf. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Our history timeline". University of Southampton. http://www.southampton.ac.uk/about/reputation/history-timeline.page. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Imperial College London – A timeline of College developments". Imperial College London. https://www.imperial.ac.uk/about/history/college-developments/. 
  28. ↑ Гісторыя Магілёўскага дзяржаўнага універсітэта (1913—1940 гг.): дакументы і матэрыялы / аўт.-склад.: А. Р. Агееў, К. М. Бандарэнка, В. П. Клімковіч; пад агульн. рэд. К. М. Бандарэнкі. — Магілёў: МДУ імя А. А. Куляшова, 2008. — 216 с.
  29. ↑ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast Central Archives, fund 377.

Sources

  • Rüegg, Walter: "Themes", in: Rüegg, Walter (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. III: Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945), Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN:978-0-521-36107-1, pp. 3–31
  • Rüegg, Walter: "European Universities and Similar Institutions in Existence between 1812 and the End of 1944: A Chronological List: Universities", in: Rüegg, Walter (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. III: Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945), Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN:978-0-521-36107-1, pp. 673–691

Further reading

  • Jílek, Jubor (ed.): "Historical Compendium of European Universities/Répertoire Historique des Universités Européennes", Standing Conference of Rectors, Presidents and Vice-Chancellors of the European Universities (CRE), Geneva 1984
  • Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN:0-521-36105-2
  • Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. II: Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800), Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN:0-521-36106-0
  • Rüegg, Walter (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. IV: Universities Since 1945, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN:978-0-521-36108-8




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