Organization:RAND Corporation

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Short description: American global policy think tank founded in 1948


RAND Corporation
Rand Corporation logo.svg

Randcorporationsantamonica.JPG
The RAND Corporation headquarters in Santa Monica
PredecessorSpin-off of Project RAND, a former partnership between Douglas Aircraft Company and the United States Air Force until incorporation as a nonprofit and gaining independence from both.
FormationMay 14, 1948; 75 years ago (1948-05-14)
FoundersHenry H. "Hap" Arnold
Donald Douglas
Curtis LeMay
TypeGlobal policy think tank, research institute, and public sector consulting firm [1]
95-1958142
Legal statusNonprofit corporation
PurposePolicy analysis,
Research and development
HeadquartersSanta Monica, California, U.S.
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 34°00′35″N 118°29′26″W / 34.009599°N 118.490670°W / 34.009599; -118.490670
Region
Worldwide
President and CEO
Jason Gaverick Matheny[2]
RAND Leadership
Jennifer Gould
Andrew R. Hoehn
Winfield A. Boerckel
Allison Elder
Mike Januzik
Susan L. Marquis
Eric Peltz
Brandon Baker
Melissa Rowe
Robert M. Case[2]
President, RAND Europe
Hans Pung[2]
Bonnie G. Hill
Joel Z. Hyatt
Paul G. Kaminski
Philip Lader
Peter Lowy
Michael Lynton
Ronald L. Olson
Mary E. Peters
David L. Porges
Donald B. Rice
Michael D. Rich
Hector Ruiz
Leonard D. Schaeffer[3]
SubsidiariesRAND Europe
Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School
AffiliationsIndependent
Revenue
IncreaseUnited States dollar 351.7 million (2016)[4]
DisbursementsNumerous
ExpensesIncreaseUnited States dollar 340.4 million (2016)[4]
Endowment$267.7 million (2020)[5]
Staff (2015)
1,700[6]
Websitewww.rand.org

The RAND Corporation is an American nonprofit global policy think tank,[1] research institute, and public sector consulting firm. RAND Corporation engages in research and development (R&D) across multiple fields and industries. Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the space race, the Vietnam War, the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, and national health care.

The RAND Corporation originated as "Project RAND" (from the phrase "research and development") in the postwar period immediately after World War II.[7][8] The United States Army Air Forces established Project RAND with the objective of investigating long-range planning of future weapons.[9] Douglas Aircraft Company was granted a contract to research intercontinental warfare.[9] Project RAND later evolved into the RAND Corporation, and expanded its research into civilian fields such as education and international affairs.[10] It was the first think tank to be regularly referred to as a "think tank".[1]

RAND receives both public and private funding. Its funding sources include the U.S. government, private endowments,[6] corporations,[11] universities,[11] charitable foundations, U.S. state and local governments, international organizations, and to a small extent, by foreign governments.[11][12]

Overview

RAND has approximately 1,850 employees. Its American locations include: Santa Monica, California (headquarters); Arlington, Virginia; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Boston, Massachusetts .[13] The RAND Gulf States Policy Institute has an office in New Orleans, Louisiana. RAND Europe is located in Cambridge, United Kingdom ; Brussels, Belgium; and Rotterdam, Netherlands.[14] RAND Australia is located in Canberra, Australia .[15]

RAND is home to the Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School, one of eight original graduate programs in public policy and the first to offer a PhD. The program aims to provide practical experience for students, who work with RAND analysts on addressing real-world problems. The campus is at RAND's Santa Monica research facility. The Pardee RAND School is the world's largest PhD-granting program in policy analysis.[16]

Unlike many other programs, all Pardee RAND Graduate School students receive fellowships to cover their education costs. This allows them to dedicate their time to engage in research projects and provides them with on-the-job training.[16] RAND also offers a number of internship and fellowship programs allowing students and others to assist in conducting research for RAND projects. Most of these are short-term independent projects mentored by a RAND staff member.[17]

RAND publishes the RAND Journal of Economics, a peer-reviewed journal of economics.[18]

Thirty-two recipients of the Nobel Prize, primarily in the fields of economics and physics, have been associated with RAND at some point in their career.[19][20]

History

Project RAND

RAND was created after individuals in the War Department, the Office of Scientific Research and Development, and industry began to discuss the need for a private organization to connect operational research with research and development decisions.[17] The immediate impetus for the creation of RAND was a fateful conversation in September 1945 between General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold and Douglas executive Franklin R. Collbohm.[21] Both men were deeply worried that ongoing demobilization meant the federal government was about to lose direct control of the vast amount of American scientific brainpower assembled to fight World War II.[21]

As soon as Arnold realized Collbohm had been thinking along similar lines, he said, "I know just what you're going to tell me. It's the most important thing we can do."[22] With Arnold's blessing, Collbohm quickly pulled in additional people from Douglas to help, and together with Donald Douglas, they convened with Arnold two days later at Hamilton Army Airfield to sketch out a general outline for Collbohm's proposed project.[22]

Douglas engineer Arthur Emmons Raymond came up with the name Project RAND, from "research and development".[7] Collbohm suggested that he himself should serve as the project's first director, which he thought would be a temporary position while he searched for a permanent replacement for himself.[7] He later became RAND's first president and served in that capacity until his retirement in 1967.[23]

On 1 October 1945, Project RAND was set up under special contract to the Douglas Aircraft Company and began operations in December 1945.[17][24] In May 1946, the Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship was released.

RAND Corporation

By late 1947, Douglas Aircraft executives had expressed their concerns that their close relationship with RAND might create conflict of interest problems on future hardware contracts. In February 1948, the chief of staff of the newly created United States Air Force approved the evolution of Project RAND into a nonprofit corporation, independent of Douglas.[17]

On 14 May 1948, RAND was incorporated as a nonprofit corporation under the laws of the State of California and on 1 November 1948, the Project RAND contract was formally transferred from the Douglas Aircraft Company to the RAND Corporation.[17] Initial capital for the spin-off was provided by the Ford Foundation.

Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the space race, the Vietnam War, the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, the digital revolution, and national health care.[25] In the 1970s the Rand Corporation adjusted computer models it was using to recommend closures of fire stations in New York City so that fire stations were closed in the most fire-prone areas, home to Black and Puerto Rican residents, rather than in wealthier, more affluent neighborhoods.[26]

RAND contributed to the doctrine of nuclear deterrence by mutually assured destruction (MAD), developed under the guidance of then-Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and based upon their work with game theory.[27] Chief strategist Herman Kahn also posited the idea of a "winnable" nuclear exchange in his 1960 book On Thermonuclear War. This led to Kahn's being one of the models for the titular character of the film Dr. Strangelove, in which RAND is spoofed as the "BLAND Corporation".[28][29]

Even in the late 1940s and early 1950s, long before Sputnik, the RAND project was secretly recommending to the US government a major effort to design a human-made satellite that would take photographs from space and the rockets to put such a satellite in orbit.[30]

RAND was not the first think tank, but during the 1960s, it was the first to be regularly referred to as a "think tank".[1] Accordingly, RAND served as the "prototype" for the modern definition of that term.[1]

Mission

RAND was incorporated as a non-profit organization to "further promote scientific, educational, and charitable purposes, all for the public welfare and security of the United States of America". Its self-declared mission is "to help improve policy and decision making through research and analysis", using its "core values of quality and objectivity".[31]

Achievements

RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

The achievements of RAND stem from its development of systems analysis. Important contributions are claimed in space systems and the United States' space program,[32] in computing and in artificial intelligence. RAND researchers developed many of the principles that were used to build the Internet.[33] RAND also contributed to the development and use of wargaming.[34][35]

Current areas of expertise include: child policy, law, civil and criminal justice, education, health (public health and health care), international policy/foreign policy, labor markets, national security, defense policy, infrastructure, energy, environment, business and corporate governance, economic development, intelligence policy, long-range planning, crisis management and emergency management-disaster preparation, population studies, regional studies, comparative studies, science and technology, social policy, welfare, terrorism and counterterrorism, cultural policy, arts policy, and transportation.[36][12][10]

RAND designed and conducted one of the largest and most important studies of health insurance between 1974 and 1982. The RAND Health Insurance Experiment, funded by the then–U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, established an insurance corporation to compare demand for health services with their cost to the patient.[37][38]

In 2018, RAND began its Gun Policy in America initiative,[39] which resulted in comprehensive reviews of the evidence of the effects of gun policies in the United States. The second expanded review in 2020[40] analyzed almost 13,000 relevant studies on guns and gun violence since 1995 and selected 123 as having sufficient methodological rigor for inclusion. These were used to determine the level of scientific support for eighteen classes of gun policy.

Controversy

Almost since its inception, the RAND Corporation has been involved in controversial issues—and its reports, recommendations and influence have been the subject of extensive public debate and controversy. Among these have been:

In December 2023, the RAND Corporation was designated as "undesirable" in Russia.[61]

Notable participants

John von Neumann, consultant to the RAND Corporation[62]
  • Henry H. "Hap" Arnold: General of the Air Force, United States Air Force
  • Kenneth Arrow: economist, won the Nobel Prize in Economics, developed the impossibility theorem in social choice theory
  • Bruno Augenstein: V.P., physicist, mathematician and space scientist
  • Robert Aumann: mathematician, game theorist, won the Nobel Prize in Economics.
  • J. Paul Austin: Chairman of the Board, 1972–1981
  • Paul Baran: one of the developers of packet switching which was used in ARPANET and later networks like the Internet
  • Richard Bellman: Mathematician known for his work on dynamic programming
  • Yoram Ben-Porat: economist and President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
  • Barry Boehm: worked in interactive computer graphics with the RAND Corporation in the 1960s and had helped define the ARPANET in the early phases of that program[63]
  • Harold L. Brode: physicist, leading nuclear weapons effects expert
  • Bernard Brodie: Military strategist and nuclear architect
  • Samuel Cohen: inventor of the neutron bomb in 1958[64]
  • Franklin R. Collbohm: Aviation engineer, Douglas Aircraft Company, RAND founder and former director and trustee.[65]
  • Walter Cunningham: astronaut
  • George Dantzig: mathematician, creator of the simplex algorithm for linear programming
  • Linda Darling-Hammond: educational researcher, co-director, School Redesign Network
  • Merton Davies: mathematician, pioneering planetary scientist
  • Michael H. Decker: Senior International Defense Research Analyst[66]
  • James F. Digby: American military strategist, author of first treatise on precision guided munitions 1949–2007[67]
  • Stephen H. Dole: Author of the book Habitable Planets for Man[68][69] and head of Rand's Human Engineering Group[70]
  • Donald Wills Douglas, Sr.: President, Douglas Aircraft Company, RAND founder
  • Hubert Dreyfus: philosopher and critic of artificial intelligence
  • Karen Elliott House: Chairman of the Board, 2009–present, former publisher, The Wall Street Journal; Former Senior Vice President, Dow Jones & Company, Inc.
  • Daniel Ellsberg: economist and leaker of the Pentagon Papers
  • Alain Enthoven: economist, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense from 1961 to 1965, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Systems Analysis from 1965-1969
  • Stephen J. Flanagan, political scientist, National Security Council senior director
  • Francis Fukuyama: academic and author of The End of History and the Last Man
  • Horace Rowan Gaither: Chairman of the Board, 1949–1959, 1960–1961; known for the Gaither Report.
  • David Galula, French officer and scholar
  • James J. Gillogly: cryptographer and computer scientist
  • Paul Y. Hammond: political scientist and national security scholar, affiliated 1964–79, program director 1973–76[71]
  • Anthony C. Hearn: developed the REDUCE computer algebra system, the oldest such system still in active use;[72] co-founded the CSNET computer network
  • Andrew R. Hoehn, Senior Vice President, Research and Analysis[73]
  • Fred Iklé: US nuclear policy researcher
  • Brian Michael Jenkins: terrorism expert, Senior Advisor to the President of the RAND Corporation, and author of Unconquerable Nation
  • Herman Kahn: theorist on nuclear war and one of the founders of scenario planning
  • Amrom Harry Katz
  • Konrad Kellen: research analyst and author, co-wrote open letter to U.S. government in 1969 recommending withdrawal from Vietnam war[74]
  • Zalmay Khalilzad: U.S. ambassador to United Nations
  • Henry Kissinger: United States Secretary of State (1973–1977); National Security Advisor (1969–1975); Nobel Peace Prize Winner (1973)
  • Ann McLaughlin Korologos: Chairman of the Board, April 2004 – 2009; Chairman Emeritus, The Aspen Institute
  • Lewis "Scooter" Libby: United States Vice-President Dick Cheney's former Chief of Staff
  • Ray Mabus: Former ambassador, governor
  • Harry Markowitz: economist, greatly advanced financial portfolio theory by devising mean variance analysis, Nobel Prize in Economics
  • Andrew W. Marshall: military strategist, director of the U.S. DoD Office of Net Assessment
  • Jason Gaverick Matheny: selected as President and CEO of The RAND Corporation in 2022[75]
  • Margaret Mead: U.S. anthropologist
  • Douglas Merrill: former Google CIO & President of EMI's digital music division
  • Newton N. Minow: Chairman of the board, 1970–1972
  • John Milnor: mathematician, known for his work in differential topology
  • Chuck Missler: Bible Teacher, Engineer, Chairman and CEO Western Digital
  • Lloyd Morrisett: Chairman of the board, 1986–1995
  • John Forbes Nash, Jr.: mathematician, won the Nobel Prize in Economics
  • John von Neumann: mathematician, pioneer of the modern digital computer
  • Allen Newell: artificial intelligence
  • Paul O'Neill: Chairman of the board, 1997–2000
  • Edmund Phelps: winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Economics
  • Arthur E. Raymond: Chief engineer, Douglas Aircraft Company, RAND founder
  • Condoleezza Rice: former intern, former trustee (1991–1997), and former Secretary of State for the United States
  • Michael D. Rich: RAND President and Chief Executive Officer, 1 November 2011–present
  • Leo Rosten: academic and humorist, helped set up the social sciences division of RAND[76]
  • Albert S. Ruddy: programmer trainee, Oscar-winning producer of The Godfather and Million Dollar Baby
  • Donald Rumsfeld: Chairman of board from 1981 to 1986; 1995–1996 and secretary of defense for the United States from 1975 to 1977 and 2001 to 2006.
  • Robert M. Salter: advocate of the vactrain maglev train concept
  • Paul Samuelson: economist, Nobel Prize in Economics
  • Thomas C. Schelling: economist, won the 2005 Nobel Prize in Economics
  • James Schlesinger: former secretary of defense and former secretary of energy
  • Dov Seidman: lawyer, businessman and CEO of LRN
  • Norman Shapiro: mathematician, co-author of the Rice–Shapiro theorem, MH Email and RAND-Abel co-designer
  • Lloyd Shapley: mathematician and game theorist, won the Nobel Prize in Economics
  • Cliff Shaw: inventor of the linked list and co-author of the first artificial intelligence program
  • Abram Shulsky: former Director of the Pentagon's Office of Special Plans[77]
  • Herbert Simon: Political scientist, psychologist, won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Economics
  • James Steinberg: Deputy National Security Advisor to Bill Clinton
  • Ratan Tata: Chairman Emeritus of Tata Sons[78]
  • James Thomson: RAND president and CEO, 1989 – 31 October 2011
  • Willis Ware: JOHNNIAC co-designer, and early computer privacy pioneer
  • William H. Webster: Chairman of the Board, 1959–1960
  • Oliver Williamson: economist, won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics
  • Albert Wohlstetter: mathematician and Cold War strategist
  • Roberta Wohlstetter: policy analyst and military historian
  • Ariane Tabatabai: former researcher[79]

See also

  • A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates (published by RAND)
  • Truth Decay (also published by RAND)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Medvetz, Thomas (2012). Think Tanks in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-226-51729-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=kuh_VuW1WisC&pg=PA26. Retrieved 25 April 2015. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "RAND Leadership". https://www.rand.org/news/press/2022/06/07.html. 
  3. ↑ "RAND Corporation Board of Trustees". https://www.rand.org/about/organization/randtrustees.html. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Financial Statements, FY 2016". https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CP665.html. 
  5. ↑ As of June 30, 2020. U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. February 19, 2021. https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2020-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL-FEBRUARY-19-2021.ashx. Retrieved February 20, 2021. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 2013 RAND Annual Report. 9 April 2014. https://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CP1-2013.html. Retrieved 16 January 2015. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Abella, Alex (2009). Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire. Boston and New York: Mariner Books. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-15-603344-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA13. Retrieved 31 October 2021. 
  8. ↑ RAND History and Mission. Accessed 13 April 2009.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Johnson, Stephen B. (2002). The United States Air Force and the culture of innovation 1945-1965. Diane Publishing Co.. p. 32. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_United_States_Air_Force_and_the_cult/3HgQp6f9yGQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA32&printsec=frontcover. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "RAND Corporation - GuideStar Profile". https://www.guidestar.org/profile/95-1958142. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "How We're Funded". https://www.rand.org/about/clients_grantors.html#industry. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Monica, 1776 Main Street Santa; California 90401-3208. "How We Are Funded: Major Clients and Grantmakers of RAND Research" (in en). https://www.rand.org/about/how-we-are-funded.html. 
  13. ↑ "RAND Locations". https://www.rand.org/about/locations.html. 
  14. ↑ "RAND Europe Contact Information". https://www.rand.org/randeurope/about/contact.html. 
  15. ↑ "RAND Locations: Canberra Office". https://www.rand.org/about/locations/canberra.html. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Pardee RAND History". http://www.prgs.edu/about/at-a-glance.html. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 "RAND at a Glance". https://www.rand.org/about/glance.html. 
  18. ↑ "The RAND Journal of Economics". https://www.rje.org. 
  19. ↑ Sarabi, Brigette (1 January 2005). "Oregon: The Rand Report on Measure 11 is Finally Available". http://www.safetyandjustice.org/story/oregon-rand-report-measure-11-finally-available. 
  20. ↑ Harvard University Institute of Politics. "Guide for Political Internships". Harvard University. http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/iop/students_internships_db.php?action=id&id=551. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Abella, Alex (2009). Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire. Boston and New York: Mariner Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-15-603344-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA11. Retrieved 31 October 2021. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Abella, Alex (2009). Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire. Boston and New York: Mariner Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-15-603344-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=ERKGMraIfZIC&pg=PA12. Retrieved 31 October 2021. 
  23. ↑ Oliver, Myrna (14 February 1990). "Franklin Collbohm Dies; Founder of RAND Corp.". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-14-mn-573-story.html. 
  24. ↑ Johnson, Stephen B (2002). The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation 1945-1965. Diane Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4289-9027-2. http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-100526-019.pdf. Retrieved 16 January 2015. 
  25. ↑ Jardini, David R. (2013). Thinking Through the Cold War: RAND, National Security and Domestic Policy, 1945-1975. p. 10. https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/352765. 
  26. ↑ Flood, Joe (2011). The Fires: How a Computer Formula, Big Ideas, and the Best of Intentions Burned Down New York City--and Determined the Future of Cities. p. 205. https://www.joe-flood.com/about-the-fires/. 
  27. ↑ Twing, Steven W. (1998). Myths, models & U.S. foreign policy. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-55587-766-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=wS4A2jJph_cC&pg=PA163. 
  28. ↑ Hanks, Robert (19 December 2007). "The Week In Radio: The think tank for unthinkable thoughts". The Independent (London). https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/the-week-in-radio-the-think-tank-for-unthinkable-thoughts-765975.html. 
  29. ↑ Kaplan, Fred (10 October 2004). "Truth Stranger Than 'Strangelove'". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/10/movies/10kapl.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1. 
  30. ↑ "The Space Review: LBJ's Space Race: What we didn't know then (Part 1)". https://www.thespacereview.com/article/396/1. 
  31. ↑ "About RAND - Vision". https://www.rand.org/about/vision.html. 
  32. ↑ Davies, Merton E.; Hams, William R. (September 1988). RAND's Role in the Evolution of Balloon and Satellite Observation Systems and Related U.S. Space Technology. RAND Corp. http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a216963.pdf. Retrieved 16 January 2015. 
  33. ↑ "Paul Baran - Posthumous Recipient". Internet Society. 2012. http://internethalloffame.org/inductees/paul-baran. 
  34. ↑ Perla, Peter P. (1990). The Art of Wargaming: A Guide for Professionals and Hobbyists. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. pp. 114–118. ISBN 0-87021-050-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=C_sjPhgaEzwC&q=RAND+contribution+to+wargaming&pg=PA116. Retrieved 16 January 2015. 
  35. ↑ Perry, Walter L.; Pirnie, Bruce R.; Gordon, John (1999). Issues Raised During the 1998 Army After Next Spring Wargame. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. ISBN 0-8330-2688-7. https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1023.html. Retrieved 16 January 2015. 
  36. ↑ "Policy Experts". https://www.rand.org/about/people.html. 
  37. ↑ "RAND's Health Insurance Experiment (HIE)". https://www.rand.org/health/projects/hie.html. 
  38. ↑ Herdman, Roger C.; Behney, Clyde J. (September 1993). "Chapter 3: The Lessons and Limitations of the Rand Health Insurance Experiment". Benefit Design in Health Care Reform: Patient Cost-Sharing (Princeton University): 23–38. https://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1993/9310/9310.PDF. Retrieved 16 January 2015. 
  39. ↑ "Gun Policy". https://www.rand.org/topics/gun-policy.html. 
  40. ↑ The Science of Gun Policy A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of Gun Policies in the United States, Second Edition
  41. ↑ Saul Friedman (Houston Chronicle, Nieman Fellow): "The Rand Corporation and Our Policy Makers," September 1963, The Atlantic, retrieved November 25, 2022
  42. ↑ "Albert Wohlstetter, 83, Expert On U.S. Nuclear Strategy, Dies", January 14, 1997, New York Times , retrieved November 24, 2022
  43. ↑ Rej, Abhijnan: Commentary: The Other Legacy of Robert McNamara," June 10, 2016, War on the Rocks, -- reviewed by Matthew Fay in "Rationalizing McNamara's Legacy," August 5, 2016, Niskanen Center; Fay rebutted by RAND representatives John Speed Meyers and Jonathan P. Wong, at "In Defense of Defense Analysis," September 2, 2016, The RAND Blog, RAND Corporation; retrieved November 24, 2022
  44. ↑ Wyne, Ali (RAND Corporation) opinion essay: "A new world order will likely arise only from calamity," July 24, 2018, Washington Post, retrieved November 24, 2022
  45. ↑ Clines, Francis X.: "The Men Who Tell City How to Run the City," July 8, 1970, New York Times , retrieved November 24, 2022
  46. ↑ Szanton, Peter L. (RAND Corporation): "Analysis and Urban Government: Experience of the New York City-Rand Institute," July, 1972, Policy Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 153-161, Springer, at Jstor.org, retrieved November 24, 2022
  47. ↑ "Data in the Fire Service," 2015, NFPA 2015 Responder Forum, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), retrieved November 24, 2022
  48. ↑ Flood, Joe: The Fires: How a Computer Formula Burned Down New York City—and Determined the Future of American Cities, 2011, Riverhead Books, -- summarized at: GoodReads.com, and reviewed at: GoodReads.com (by Rob Kitchin), and at Accounts, (newsletter of the Economics section of the American Sociological Association), Vol. XV, Issue 2, Spring 2016, page 32, retrieved November 24, 2022
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Heilbrunn, Jacob: "Real Men of Genius" (book review of Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corp and Rise of the American Empire by Alex Abella, 2008, Harcourt), September 21, 2008, Washington Post, retrieved November 24, 2022
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "The Insider" (book review of Wild Man -- biography of Daniel Ellsberg -- by Tom Wells, 2001, Palgrave), July 22, 2001, Washington Post,; also reviewed by Michael Young at "The Devil and Daniel Ellsberg," June 2000, Reason, retrieved November 24, 2022
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Kazin, Michael, reviewer: "Inside Job" (book review of Secrets -- autobiography of Daniel Ellsberg, 2002, Viking), November 3, 2002, Washington Post, retrieved November 24, 2022
  52. ↑ Elliot, Mai (Foreword by James A. Thomson, RAND president): RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era, 2010, RAND Corporation / Cambridge University Press , ISBN:978-0-8330-4754-0; reviewed by James M. Carter at [1] August 2011, Journal of American Studies, Volume 45 , Issue 3 , pp. 631 - 633, reproduced at Cambridge University. Retrieved November 24, 2022
  53. ↑ Naughton, James M.: "Federal Warrant Is Issued For the Arrest of Ellsberg," June 26, 1971, New York Times , retrieved November 24, 2022
  54. ↑ "The Real Health Issue," June 25, 1974, Page 36, New York Times , retrieved November 24, 2022
  55. ↑ "Alcoholism Controversy," August 4, 1976, New York Times , retrieved November 24, 2022
  56. ↑ "An Analysis and Critique of the RAND Corporation's Studies in Support of No Fault Laws," 2000, Consumer Watchdog, retrieved November 24, 2022
  57. ↑ Gordon, Michael R.: "Occupation Plan for Iraq Faulted in Army History," June 29, 2008, New York Times , retrieved November 24, 2022
  58. ↑ "The best available evidence suggests NRA-backed gun policies are making crime worse" (in en-US). March 2, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/02/the-best-available-evidence-suggests-nra-backed-gun-policies-are-making-crime-worse/. 
  59. ↑ "Do Studies Show Gun Control Works? No." (in en-US). Reason Foundation. March 31, 2022. https://reason.com/video/2022/03/31/do-studies-show-gun-control-works-no/. 
  60. ↑ "Can New Gun Violence Research Find a Path Around the Political Stalemate?" (in en-US). March 27, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/27/us/politics/gun-violence-research-cdc.html. 
  61. ↑ "Russia Outlaws U.S.-Based RAND Corporation as 'Undesirable'". The Moscow Times. December 7, 2023. https://themoscowtimes.com/2023/12/07/russia-outlaws-us-based-rand-corporation-as-undesirable-a83355. 
  62. ↑ Life Magazine, 25 February 1957, "Passing of a Great Mind", by Clay Bair JR. pages 89–104
  63. ↑ Alex Roland and Philip Shiman, Strategic Computing: DARPA and the Quest for Machine Intelligence, 1983–1993, The MIT Press, 2002, p. 302
  64. ↑ Nina Tannenwald, The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons Since 1945, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK), 2007, p. 138-139
  65. ↑ "F. R. Collbohm, 83, Ex-Head of Rand, Dies". The New York Times. Associated Press. 14 February 1990. https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/14/obituaries/f-r-collbohm-83-ex-head-of-rand-dies.html. 
  66. ↑ "Michael H. Decker - Profile". https://www.rand.org/about/people/d/decker_michael_h.html//. 
  67. ↑ WILLIAM J. BROADPublished: 21 January 1991 (21 January 1991). "WAR IN THE GULF: HIGH TECH; War Hero Status Possible for the Computer Chip". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/21/world/war-in-the-gulf-high-tech-war-hero-status-possible-for-the-computer-chip.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. 
  68. ↑ Dole, Stephen H. (2007). Habitable Planets for Man (New RAND ed.). Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp.. ISBN 978-0-8330-4227-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=-vPkHgAACAAJ. Retrieved 16 January 2015. 
  69. ↑ Dole, Stephen H. (2007). Habitable Planets for man. RAND Corporation. http://rand.org/pubs/commercial_books/CB179-1/. 
  70. ↑ "Stephen H. Dole; Retired Head of Rand Corp.'s Human Engineering Group" (in en-US). Los Angeles Times. 30 April 2000. ISSN 0458-3035. http://articles.latimes.com/2000/apr/30/local/me-25094. 
  71. ↑ "Obituary: Paul Y. Hammond". University of Pittsburgh. April 5, 2012. http://www.utimes.pitt.edu/?p=20658. 
  72. ↑ "Computer Science History". University of Utah. http://www.cs.utah.edu/~rma/hci/cs/cs-history.html. 
  73. ↑ "Andrew R. Hoehn - Profile". https://www.rand.org/about/people/h/hoehn_andrew_r.html//. 
  74. ↑ Noland, Claire (12 April 2007). "Konrad Kellen, 93; Rand researcher studied Vietnam War and urged withdrawal of troops". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/apr/12/local/me-kellen12. 
  75. ↑ Monica, 1776 Main Street Santa; California 90401-3208. "Jason Matheny Named President and CEO of RAND Corporation" (in en). https://www.rand.org/news/press/2022/06/07.html. 
  76. ↑ Kaplan, Fred (August 1991). The Wizards of Armageddon - Fred M. Kaplan - Google Boeken. ISBN 978-0-8047-1884-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=yJXu7kMSc44C&q=%22leo+rosten%22+%22rand%22&pg=PA69. Retrieved 14 June 2013. 
  77. ↑ Seymour M. Hersh (12 May 2003). "Selective Intelligence — Donald Rumsfeld has his own special sources. Are they reliable?". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/05/12/030512fa_fact. 
  78. ↑ "Bruce Karatz and Ratan N. Tata Join Rand Board of Trustees" (in en-US). November 2, 2006. https://www.rand.org/news/press/2006/11/02.html. 
  79. ↑ "Ariane M. Tabatabai - Publications". 24 January 2024. https://www.rand.org/pubs/authors/t/tabatabai_ariane_m.html. 

Further reading

Books

  • Alex Abella. Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire (2008, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt hardcover; ISBN:0-15-101081-1 / 2009, Mariner Books paperback reprint edition; ISBN:0-15-603344-5).
  • S.M. Amadae. Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism (2003, University of Chicago Press paperback; ISBN:0-226-01654-4 / hardcover; ISBN:0-226-01653-6).
  • Martin J. Collins. Cold War Laboratory: RAND, the Air Force, and the American State, 1945–1950 (2002, Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press hardcover, part of the Smithsonian History of Aviation and Spaceflight Series; ISBN:1-58834-086-4)
  • Joe Flood. The Fires: How a Computer Formula Burned Down New York City—and Determined the Future of American Cities, 2010, Riverhead Books, ISBN:1-59448-898-3—summarized at: GoodReads.com, and reviewed at: GoodReads.com (by Rob Kitchin), and at Accounts, (newsletter of the Economics section of the American Sociological Association), Vol. XV, Issue 2, Spring 2016, page 32.
  • Sharon Ghamari-Tabrizi. The Worlds of Herman Kahn: The Intuitive Science of Thermonuclear War (2005, Harvard University Press; ISBN:978-0-674-01714-6)
  • Agatha C. Hughes and Thomas P. Hughes (editors). Systems, Experts, and Computers: The Systems Approach in Management and Engineering, World War II and After (2000, The MIT Press hardcover, part of the Dibner Institute Studies in the History of Science and Technology; ISBN:0-262-08285-3 / 2011, paperback reprint edition; ISBN:0-262-51604-7).
  • David Jardini. Thinking Through the Cold War: RAND, National Security and Domestic Policy, 1945–1975 (2013, Smashwords; Amazon Kindle; ISBN:978-1-301-15851-5).
  • Fred Kaplan. The Wizards of Armageddon (1983, Simon & Schuster hardcover, first printing; ISBN:0-671-42444-0 / 1991, Stanford University Press paperback, part of the Stanford Nuclear Age Series; ISBN:0-8047-1884-9).
  • Edward S. Quade and Wayne I. Boucher (editors), Systems Analysis and Policy Planning: Applications in Defense (1968, American Elsevier hardcover).
  • Bruce L.R. Smith. The RAND Corporation: Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory Corporation (1966, Harvard University Press / 1969; ISBN:0-674-74850-6).
  • Marc Trachtenberg. History and Strategy (1991, Princeton University Press paperback; ISBN:0-691-02343-3 / hardcover; ISBN:0-691-07881-5).
  • Jean Loup Samaan. La Rand Corporation (2013, Cestudec Press)

Articles

  • Clifford, Peggy, ed. "RAND and The City". Santa Monica Mirror, 27 October 1999 – 2 November 1999. Five-part series includes:
  • Miller, Arthur Selwyn, reviewer, book review: "Smith: The Rand Corporation: Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory," June 1966, Florida Law Review, Volume 19, Issue 1, Article 15.
  • Specht, R.D. "Rand: A Personal View of Its History," Operations Research, vol. 8, no. 6 (Nov.–Dec. 1960), pp. 825–839. In JSTOR

Documentary films and broadcast programs

External links



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