Philosophy:Arjava
Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (Sanskrit: आर्जव) literally means sincerity, straightness, and non-hypocrisy.[1] It is one of the ten Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. in ancient Hindu and Jaina texts.[2]
Definition
Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. means straightness, sincerity, and harmony in one’s thought, words, and actions towards oneself and towards others.[1] Kane translates Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. as straightforwardness.[3] It is described in ancient Indian texts as “self-restraint from hypocrisy", and "the absence of hypocrisy”. It is included as one of several virtuous restraints in an individual's path to spirituality. The Maharashtrian poet Vāmana in Avigita, at xvi.1, posits Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. is a form of honesty and purity in a person, and an essential virtue so that one may treat everyone equally, whether that other is one’s child, wife, relative, friend, a stranger, or someone hostile or oneself without any discrimination.[1]
The ethical concept of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. is synonymous with Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (अदम्भ, composite word from अ+दम्भ). Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. also means non-deceitful, straightforwardness, and sincerity.[4] It is listed as a virtue in the Indian Epics.[5]
Literature
Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. is one of the ten Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. listed by Śāṇḍilya Upanishad,[2] as well as by Svātmārāma.[6][7] The other nine are:
- Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (अहिंसा): nonviolence
- Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (सत्य): truthfulness
- Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (अस्तेय): not stealing
- Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (ब्रह्मचर्य): celibacy and not cheating on one’s spouse
- Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (क्षमा): forgiveness[8]
- Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (धृति): fortitude
- Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (दया): compassion[8]
- Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (मितहार): measured diet
- Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (शौच): purity, cleanliness
In some texts, such as by Adi Sankara, this virtue is called as Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., and explained as purity of motive and freedom of mind from hypocrisy, both in one’s social conduct and within oneself where one’s thoughts, words, and actions resonate.[1] It is a virtue that empowers one to act and live without anxiety, anger, prejudice, inner conflict, or confusion. It is also discussed in Bhagwad Gita in verse 17.16.[9]
The Mahābhārata, in book 12, chapter 60, lists Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (non-hypocrisy) as a virtue along with Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (non-anger), Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (forgiveness), and others.[5] In chapter 278, the epic explains how and why hypocrisy arises, suggesting that it derives from the sin of covetousness, greed, and attachment to superficial possessions.[10]
Patanjali's treatise on Yoga lists only five Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., which includes non-covetousness and non-possessiveness (Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. respectively), but does not include Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..[11]
See also
References
- ↑ Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
- Sinha, J. (1986), Indian Psychology, p. 142, at Google Books, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidas, OCLC 1211693, page 142
- "Arjava". http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=+arjava&trans=Translate&direction=AU.
- ↑ Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 "Śāṇdilya-Upanishad of Atharvaṇaveḍa". Thirty Minor Upanishads. Kessinger Publishing. 1914. pp. 173–176. ISBN 978-1164026419.
- ↑ Kane, Pandurang Vaman (1974). "History of Dharmaśāstra". Ancient and Mediæval Religious and Civil Law in India 2 (1): 5. OCLC 134943.
- ↑ "Adambha". http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=adambha+&trans=Translate&direction=AU.
- ↑ Jump up to: 5.0 5.1 Proudfoot, Ian (1987). Ahiṃsā and a Mahābhārata Story. Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-7315-0143-4.
- ↑ Svātmārāma; Pancham Sinh (1997). The Hatha Yoga Pradipika (5 ed.). Forgotten Books. p. 14. ISBN 9781605066370. https://books.google.com/books?id=9sBFttVx6ukC. "अथ यम-नियमाः / अहिंसा सत्यमस्तेयं बरह्यछर्यम कश्हमा धृतिः / दयार्जवं मिताहारः शौछम छैव यमा दश"
- ↑
- Lorenzen, David (1972). The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas. University of California Press. pp. 186–190. ISBN 978-0520018426. https://archive.org/details/kapalikaskalamuk0000lore/page/186.
- Subramuniya (2003). Merging with Śiva: Hinduism's contemporary metaphysics. Himalayan Academy Publications. p. 155. ISBN 9780945497998. https://books.google.com/books?id=JupkNVxfwHgC. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
- ↑ Jump up to: 8.0 8.1 Sovatsky, Stuart (1 January 1998). Words from the Soul: Time East/West Spirituality and Psychotherapeutic Narrative. State University of New York Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7914-3949-4.
- ↑ The Bhagavad Gita. State University of New York Press. 2009. p. 649. ISBN 978-1-4384-2842-0.
- ↑ "Shanti Parva: The Mahabharata, Section CCLXXIII". https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12b100.htm.
- ↑ The yoga-system of Patañjali; or, The ancient Hindu doctrine of concentration of mind, Courier Dover Publications, 2003, ISBN 978-0-486-43200-7, https://archive.org/details/yogasystemofpata00wooduoft
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