Physics:Hughes Medal

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Short description: Award presented by the Royal Society since 1902

Hughes Medal
LocationLondon, UK
Presented byRoyal Society
Reward(s)£2,000
First awarded1902
Website{{{1}}}

The Hughes Medal is awarded by the Royal Society "in recognition of an original discovery in the physical sciences, particularly electricity and magnetism or their applications."[1] The medal is named after British–American scientist David E. Hughes. It was first awarded in 1902 to J. J. Thomson "for his numerous contributions to electric science, especially in reference to the phenomena of electric discharge in gases," and has since been awarded over one hundred times. Unlike other Royal Society medals, the Hughes Medal has never been awarded to the same individual more than once.

The award is given annually, and it consists of a silver-gilt medal and a cash prize of £2,000.[2]

Recipients

Year Recipient Citation[2] Ref.
Image Name
1902 80px Joseph John Thomson "For his numerous contributions to electric science, especially in reference to the phenomena of electric discharge in gases." [3]
1903 80px Johann Hittorf "For his long continued experimental researches on the electric discharge in liquids and gases." [4]
1904 80px Joseph Swan "For his invention of the incandescent lamp, and his other inventions and improvements in the practical applications of electricity." [5]
1905 80px Augusto Righi "For his experimental researches in electrical science, including electric vibrations." [6]
1906 80px Hertha Ayrton "For her experimental investigations on the electric arc, and also on sand ripples." [7]
1907 80px Ernest Howard Griffiths "For his contributions to exact physical measurement." [8]
1908 Eugen Goldstein "For his discoveries on the nature of electric discharge in rarefied gasses." [9]
1909 Richard Tetley Glazebrook "For his researches on electrical standards." [10][11]
1910 80px John Ambrose Fleming "For his researches in electricity and electrical measurements." [12]
1911 80px Charles Thomson Rees Wilson "For his work on nuclei in dust-free air, and his work on ions in gases and atmospheric electricity." [13]
1912 William Duddell "For his investigations in technical electricity." [14]
1913 80px Alexander Graham Bell "For his share in the invention of the telephone, and more especially the construction of the telephone receiver." [15]
1914 80px John Sealy Edward Townsend "For his researches on electric induction in gases." [16]
1915 80px Paul Langevin "For his important contributions to, and pre-eminent position in, electrical science." [17]
1916 80px Elihu Thomson "For his researches in experimental electricity." [18]
1917 80px Charles Glover Barkla "For his researches in connexion with X-ray radiation." [19]
1918 80px Irving Langmuir "For his researches in molecular physics." [20]
1919 80px Charles Chree "For his researches in terrestrial magnetism." [21]
1920 80px Owen Willans Richardson "For his work in experimental physics, and especially thermionics." [22]
1921 80px Niels Henrik David Bohr "For his research in theoretical physics." [23]
1922 80px Francis William Aston "For his discovery of isotopes of a large number of the elements by the method of positive rays." [24]
1923 80px Robert Andrews Millikan "For his determination of the electronic charge and of other physical constants." [25]
1924 No award
1925 Frank Edward Smith "For his determination of fundamental electrical units and for researches in technical electricity." [26]
1926 80px Henry Jackson "For his pioneer work in the scientific investigations of radiotelegraphy and its application to navigation." [27]
1927 80px William David Coolidge "For his work on the X-rays and the development of highly efficient apparatus for their production." [28]
1928 80px Maurice de Broglie "For his work on X-ray spectra." [29]
1929 80px Hans Geiger "For his invention and development of methods of counting alpha and beta particles." [30]
1930 80px Venkata Raman "For his studies on the abnormal scattering of light." [31]
1931 80px William Lawrence Bragg "For his pioneer work on the elucidation of crystal structure by X-ray analysis." [32]
1932 80px James Chadwick "For his researches on radioactivity." [33]
1933 80px Edward Victor Appleton "For his researches into the effect of the Heaviside layer upon the transmission of wireless signals." [34]
1934 80px Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn "For his work as a physicist and technician on long-wave X-rays." [35]
1935 80px Clinton Joseph Davisson "For his research that resulted in the discovery of the physical existence of electron waves through long-continued investigations on the reflection of electrons from the crystal planes of nickel and other metals." [36]
1936 80px Walter Schottky "For his discovery of the Schrot Effect in thermionic emission and his invention of the screen-grid tetrode and a superheterodyne method of receiving wireless signals." [37]
1937 80px Ernest Orlando Lawrence "For his work on the development of the cyclotron and its application to investigations of nuclear disintegration." [38]
1938 80px John Douglas Cockcroft "For their discovery that nuclei could be disintegrated by artificially produced bombarding particles." [39]
80px Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton
1939 80px George Paget Thomson "For his important discoveries in connexion with the diffraction of electrons by matter." [40]
1940 80px Arthur Holly Compton "For his discovery of the Compton Effect; and for his work on cosmic rays." [41]
1941 Nevill Francis Mott "For his fertile application of the principles of quantum theory to many branches of physics, especially in the fields of nuclear and collision theory, in the theory of metals and in the theory of photographic emulsions." [42]
1942 80px Enrico Fermi "For his outstanding contributions to the knowledge of the electrical structure of matter, his work in quantum theory, and his experimental studies of the neutron."
1943 80px Marcus Laurence Elwin Oliphant "For his distinguished work in nuclear physics and mastery of methods of generating and applying high potentials." [43]
1944 George Ingle Finch "For his fundamental contributions to the study of the structure and properties of surfaces, and for his important work on the electrical ignition of gases." [44]
1945 Basil Ferdinand Jamieson Schonland "For his work on atmospheric electricity and of other physical researches." [45]
1946 John Turton Randall "For his distinguished researches into fluorescent materials and into the production of high frequency electro-magnetic radiation."
1947 80px Jean Frédéric Joliot "For his distinguished contributions to nuclear physics, particularly the discovery of artificial radioactivity and of neutron emission in the fission process." [46]
1948 80px Robert Watson-Watt "For his distinguished contributions to atmospheric physics and to the development of radar."
1949 80px Cecil Frank Powell "For his distinguished work on the photography of particle tracks, and in connexion with the discovery of mesons and their transformation." [47]
1950 80px Max Born "For his contributions to theoretical physics in general and to the development of quantum mechanics in particular." [48]
1951 80px Hendrik Anthony Kramers "For his distinguished work on the quantum theory, particularly its application to the optical and magnetic properties of matter."
1952 Philip Ivor Dee "Particularly for his distinguished studies on the disintegration of atomic nuclei, particularly those using the Wilson cloud chamber technique."
1953 Edward Bullard "For his important contributions to the development, both theoretical and experimental, of the physics of the Earth." [49]
1954 80px Martin Ryle "For his distinguished and original experimental researches in radio astronomy." [50]
1955 Harrie Stewart Wilson Massey "For his distinguished contributions to atomic and molecular physics, particularly in regard to collisions involving the production and recombination of ions."
1956 Frederick Lindemann "For his distinguished work in many fields: the melting point formula and theory of specific heats; ionisation of stars; meteors and temperature inversion in the stratosphere." [51]
1957 Joseph Proudman "For his distinguished work on dynamical oceanography." [52]
1958 Edward Neville da Costa Andrade "For his distinguished contributions to many branches of classical physics."
1959 Alfred Brian Pippard "For his distinguished contributions in the field of low temperature physics."
1960 80px Joseph Lade Pawsey "For his distinguished contributions to radio astronomy both in the study of solar and of cosmic ray emission."
1961 Alan Howard Cottrell "For his distinguished work on the physical properties of metals, particularly in relation to mechanical deformation and to the effects of irradiation." [53]
1962 Brebis Bleaney "For his distinguished studies of electrical and magnetic phenomena and their correlation with atomic and molecular properties." [54]
1963 Frederic Calland Williams "For distinguished work on early computers."
1964 80px Abdus Salam "For his distinguished contributions to quantum mechanics and the theory of fundamental particles." [55]
1965 Denys Haigh Wilkinson "For his distinguished experimental and theoretical investigation in nuclear structure and high energy physics."
1966 Nicholas Kemmer "For his numerous discoveries of major importance in theoretical nuclear physics which he has made." [56]
1967 80px Kurt Alfred Georg Mendelssohn "For his distinguished contributions to cryophysics, especially his discoveries in superconductivity and superfluidity." [57]
1968 80px Freeman John Dyson "For his distinguished fundamental work in theoretical physics, and especially on quantum electrodynamics." [58]
1969 80px Nicholas Kurti "For his distinguished work in low-temperature physics and in thermodynamics." [59]
1970 David Robert Bates "For his distinguished contributions to theoretical atomic and molecular physics and its applications to atmospheric physics, plasma physics and astrophysics." [60]
1971 80px Robert Hanbury Brown "For his distinguished work in developing a new form of stellar interfrometer [sic], culminating in his observations of alpha virginis." [61]
1972 80px Brian David Josephson "Particularly for his discovery of the remarkable properties of junctions between superconducting materials." [62]
1973 Peter Bernhard Hirsch "For his distinguished contributions to the development of the electron microscope thin film technique for the study of crystal defects and its application to a very wide range of problems in materials science and metallurgy." [63]
1974 Peter Howard Fowler "For his outstanding contributions to cosmic ray and elementary particle physics." [64]
1975 Richard Henry Dalitz "For his distinguished contributions to the theory of the basic particles of matter." [65]
1976 80px Stephen William Hawking "For his distinguished contributions to the application of general relativity to astrophysics, especially to the behaviour of highly condensed matter." [66]
1977 80px Antony Hewish "For his outstanding contributions to radioastronomy, including the discovery and identification of pulsars." [67]
1978 William Cochran "For his pioneering contributions to the science of X-ray crystallography, in which his work has made a profound impact on its development and application, and for his original contributions to lattice dynamics and its relation to phase transitions, which stimulated a new and fruitful field of results." [68]
1979 Robert Joseph Paton Williams "For his distinguished studies of the conformations of computer molecules in solution by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance." [69]
1980 80px Francis James Macdonald Farley "For his ultra-precise measurements of the muon magnetic moment, a severe test of quantum electrodynamics and of the nature of the muon."
1981 80px Peter Ware Higgs "For their international contributions about the spontaneous breaking of fundamental symmetries in elementary-particle theory." [70]
Thomas Walter Bannerman Kibble
1982 Drummond Hoyle Matthews "For their elucidation of the magnetic properties of the ocean floors which subsequently led to the plate tectonic hypothesis." [71]
Frederick John Vine
1983 John Clive Ward "For his highly influential and original contributions to quantum field theory, particularly the Ward identity and the Salam-Ward theory of weak interactions." [72]
1984 80px Roy Patrick Kerr "For his distinguished work on relativity, especially for his discovery of the so-called Kerr Black Hole, which has been very influential." [73]
1985 Tony Hilton Royle Skyrme "For his contributions to theoretical particle and nuclear physics, and his discovery that particle-like entities simulating the properties of baryons can occur in non-linear meson field theories."
1986 M. M. Woolfson "For the creation of algorithms including MULTAN and SAYTAN which are used world-wide to solve the majority of reported crystal structures."
1987 Michael Pepper "For his many important experimental investigations into the fundamental properties of semiconductors especially low-dimensional systems, where he has elucidated some of their unusual properties like electron localization and the Quantum Hall effects."
1988 80px A. Howie "For their contributions to the theory of electron diffraction and microscopy, and its application to the study of lattice defects in crystals."
M. J. Whelan
1989 80px John Stewart Bell "For his outstanding contributions to our understanding of the structure and interpretation of quantum theory, in particular demonstrating the unique nature of its predictions." [74]
1990 Thomas George Cowling "For his fundamental contributions to theoretical astrophysics including seminal theoretical studies of the role of electromagnetic induction in cosmic systems." [75]
1991 80px P. B. Moon "For his contributions in three main areas of science - nuclear physics, the discovery of gamma-ray resonances, and the use of colliding molecular beams to study chemical reactions." [76]
1992 M. J. Seaton "For his theoretical research in atomic physics and leadership of the Opacity Project." [77]
1993 G. R. Isaak "For his pioneering use of resonant scattering techniques to make extremely precise measures of Doppler velocity shifts in the solar photosphere." [78]
1994 R. G. Chambers "For his many contributions to solid-state physics, in particular his ingenious and technically demanding experiment which verified the Aharonov-Bohm effect concerning the behaviour of charged particles in magnetic fields."
1995 D. Shoenberg "For his work on the electronic structure of solids, in particular by exploiting low temperature techniques, particularly the De Haas Van Alphen effect, defining the Fermi surface of many metals."
1996 A. D. Buckingham "For his contributions to chemical physics, in particular to long-range intermolecular forces, non-linear optics, problems related to the polarizability of the helium atom, the interpretation of NMR spectra, and the applications of ab initio computations." [79]
1997 Andrew Richard Lang "For his fundamental work on X-ray diffraction physics and for his developments of the techniques of X-ray topography, in particular in studying defects in crystal structures." [80]
1998 Raymond Hide "For his distinguished experimental and theoretical investigations of the hydrodynamics of rotating fluids and the application of such basic studies to the understanding of motions in the atmosphere and interiors of the major planets."
1999 Alexander Boksenberg "For his landmark discoveries concerning the nature of active galactic nuclei, the physics of the intergalactic medium and of the interstellar gas in primordial galaxies." [81]
2000 80px Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao "For his contributions to the field of materials chemistry, in particular, in relation to studies of the electronic and magnetic properties of transition metal oxides and high temperature superconductors." [82]
2001 John Bernard Pethica "For his contributions to the field of nanometre and atomic scale mechanics. He invented and developed the technique of nanoindentation thereby revolutionising the mechanical characterisation of ultra-small volumes of materials." [83]
2002 80px Alexander Dalgarno "For his contributions to the theory of atomic and molecular process, and in particular its application to astrophysics."
2003 Peter Edwards "For his distinguished work as a solid state chemist." [84]
2004 80px John Clarke "For his outstanding research, leading the world in the invention, building and development of innovative new Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (SQUID)."
2005 Keith Moffatt "For his contributions to the understanding of magnetohydrodynamics, especially to the mechanisms determining how magnetic fields can develop from a low background level to substantial amplitude." [85]
2006 Michael Kelly "For his work in the fundamental physics of electron transport and the creation of practical electronic devices which can be deployed in advanced systems."
2007 80px Artur Ekert "For his pioneering work on quantum cryptography and his many important contributions to the theory of quantum computation and other branches of quantum physics." [86]
2008 80px Michele Dougherty "For her innovative use of magnetic field data that led to discovery of an atmosphere around one of Saturn's moons and the way it revolutionised our view of the role of planetary moons in the Solar System."
2009 No award
2010 80px Andre Geim "For his revolutionary discovery of graphene, and elucidation of its remarkable properties."
2011 Matthew Rosseinsky "For his influential discoveries in the synthetic chemistry of solid state electronic materials and novel microporous structures."
2013 Henning Sirringhaus "For his pioneering development of inkjet printing processes for organic semiconductor devices, and dramatic improvement of their functioning and efficiency."
2014 No award
2015 George Efstathiou "For many outstanding contributions to our understanding of the early Universe, in particular his pioneering computer simulations, observations of galaxy clustering and studies of the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background."
2017 80px Peter Bruce "For distinguished work elucidating the fundamental chemistry underpinning energy storage."
2018 80px James Durrant "For his distinguished photochemical studies for the design solar energy devices, particularly by transient spectroscopic studies of dye sensitized solar cells and of photoelectrochemical water splitting." [87]
2019 80px Andrew Cooper "For the design and synthesis of new classes of organic materials with applications in energy storage, energy production and energy-efficient separations." [88]
2020 80px Clare Grey "For her pioneering work on the development and application of new characterization methodology to develop fundamental insight into how batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells operate." [89]
2021 John Irvine "For the introduction of new concepts in Energy Materials science, including novel ionic conductors, electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells, alternative batteries and emergent nanomaterials." [90]
2022 80px Saiful Islam "For outstanding contributions to the deeper understanding of atomistic processes in new materials for use in energy applications, especially those related to lithium batteries and perovskite solar cells." [91]
2023 Erwin Reisner "For pioneering new concepts and solar technologies for the production of sustainable fuels and chemicals from carbon dioxide, biomass and plastic waste." [92]
2024 Linda Faye Nazar "For her seminal contributions to the field of solid-state electrochemistry, and electrochemical energy storage." [93]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "The Hughes Medal (1902)". Royal Society. http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?tip=1&id=1768. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Hughes Medal". https://royalsociety.org/medals-and-prizes/hughes-medal/. 
  3. ↑ "2 in U.S. hono by Royal Society". The New York Times. 1939-11-03. https://www.nytimes.com/1939/11/03/archives/2-in-us-honored-by-royal-society-prof-morgan-of-california.html. 
  4. ↑ "Anniversary Meeting of the Royal Society". Nature 69 (1779): 109. 1903. doi:10.1038/069107b0. Bibcode: 1903Natur..69R.107.. 
  5. ↑ "Sir Joseph W. Swan dead.; Inventor of Incandescent Lamp and Photographic Dry Plate". The New York Times: p. 13. 28 May 1914. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E3D8173AE633A2575BC2A9639C946596D6CF. 
  6. ↑ Hall, Edwin H. (Feb 1935). "Augusto Righi (1850-1920): Foreign Honorary Member in Class I, Section 2, 1912.". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 69 (13): 542. 
  7. ↑ Riddle, Larry. "Hertha Marks Ayrton". Agnes Scott College. https://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/ayrton.htm. 
  8. ↑ Griffiths, Ezer; Falconer, Isobel (2004). "Griffiths, Ernest Howard". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33582. http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33582. Retrieved 2009-02-05.  (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  9. ↑ Mehra, Jagdish (1989). The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Springer-Verlag. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-387-96284-9. 
  10. ↑ "Sir Richard Tetley Glazebrook". National Physical Laboratory. http://www.npl.co.uk/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.2774. 
  11. ↑ Lockyer, Norman (1910). Nature. Macmillan Publishers. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-142-43147-1. 
  12. ↑ "Notes : The Royal Society's medals have this year been adjudicated by the president and council as follows". Nature 85 (2141): 46. November 10, 1910. doi:10.1038/085046a0. Bibcode: 1910Natur..85...46.. https://archive.org/details/naturelond85londuoft/page/46. 
  13. ↑ "Anniversary Meeting of the Royal Society". Nature 88 (2197): 184. 1911. doi:10.1038/088181b0. Bibcode: 1911Natur..88..181.. 
  14. ↑ Marchant, E. W. (1917). "W. Du Bois Duddell, C.B.E., F.R.S.". Nature 100 (2507): 207. doi:10.1038/100207a0. Bibcode: 1917Natur.100..207M. 
  15. ↑ Perrine, J. O. (January 1936). "1935. THE DAVID HUGHES MEDAL Awarded by the Royal Society (London) to CLINTON J. DAVISSON". Bell Telephone Quarterly (American Telephone and Telegraph Company) 15 (1): 58–60. Google Books MNlQAAAAYAAJ. HathiTrust uva.x002222668. Internet Archive sim_bell-telephone-magazine_1936-01_15_1.. "Further recognition was given by the Royal Society of London in awarding him the David Hughes Medal. It is interesting to note that this same medal, established in 1900, was awarded to Alexander Graham Bell in 1913.". 
  16. ↑ "Scientific Notes and News". Science 40 (1040): 810–813. December 4, 1914. doi:10.1126/science.40.1040.810. Internet Archive sim_science_1914-12-04_40. PMID 17829000. Bibcode: 1914Sci....40..810.. 
  17. ↑ Williams, Trevor I. (1969). "LANGEVIN, Paul". in Williams, Trevor I.. A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists. Wiley-Interscience / A. and C. Black. p. 306. Internet Archive biographicaldict0000will. ISBN 978-0-7136-0924-0.  Or: Williams, Trevor I. (1974). "LANGEVIN, Paul". in Williams, Trevor I.. A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists (2nd ed.). London: Adam & Charles Black. p. 306. Internet Archive biographicaldict0000unse_y7x3. ISBN 0-7136-1511-7. 
  18. ↑ Woodbury, David Oakes (1960). Elihu Thomson, Beloved Scientist, 1853-1937. Museum of Science. p. 351. 
  19. ↑ Falconer, Isobel. "Barkla, Charles Glover". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30592.  (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  20. ↑ Wasson, Tyler (1987). Nobel Prize Winners. Visual Education Corporation. p. 598. ISBN 978-0-8242-0756-4. https://archive.org/details/nobelprizewinner0000unse_k3o3/page/598. 
  21. ↑ Rutherford, Ernest (January 1929). "Address of the President, Sir Ernest Rutherford, O.M., at the Anniversary Meeting, November 30, 1928.". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Section A.—Mathematical and Physical Sciences 122 (789): 1–23. doi:10.1098/rspa.1929.0001. Bibcode: 1929RSPSA.122....1R. "Charles Chree, [...] Of international reputation, the value of his work was recognised by the award to him of the Hughes Medal of the Society.".  Also: G. C. S. (February 1929). "Obituary Notices (of Fellows deceased) : Charles Chree (with portrait), 1860–1928.". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character 122 (790): vii-xiv. "He was awarded the James Watt medal by the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1905 and the Hughes medal of the Royal Society in 1919.". 
  22. ↑ Who Was Who in Literature. Thomson Gale. 1979. p. 955. 
  23. ↑ Moor, Ruth (1966). Niels Bohr: the Man, His Science, & the World They Changed. MIT Press. p. 427. 
  24. ↑ Schlessinger, Bernard S. (1986). The Who's who of Nobel Prize Winners. Oryx Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-89774-193-4. https://archive.org/details/whoswhoofnobelpr00schl. 
  25. ↑ Moritz, Charles (1952). Current Biography. The H. W. Wilson Company. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-8242-0551-5. https://archive.org/details/currentbiography1974unse/page/35. 
  26. ↑ Sherrington, Charles (January 1926). "Address of the President, Sir Charles Sherrington, O.M., at the Anniversary Meeting, November 30, 1925.". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Section A.—Mathematical and Physical Sciences. (Royal Society Publishing) 110 (753): 1–15. doi:10.1098/rspa.1926.0001. Bibcode: 1926RSPSA.110....1S. "The Hughes' Medal is awarded to Mr. Frank Edward Smith. Mr. F. E. Smith has been awarded the Hughes' Medal in recognition of the value of his work towards realisation of the fundamental units of electrical measurement. [...]". 
  27. ↑ "Award of Medals by the Royal Society". Science. New Series (HighWire Press) 64 (1666): 552. 3 December 1926. doi:10.1126/science.64.1666.552.a. 
  28. ↑ Allibone, T. E. (September 1949). "Correspondence : Dr. W. D. Coolidge". The British Journal of Radiology (Aldermaston, Berks) 22 (261): 549. doi:10.1259/0007-1285-22-261-549-a. Oxford Academic 7298034. ISSN 0007-1285. 
  29. ↑ "Medallists of the Royal Society : The Hughes Medal to M. Le Duc de Broglie". Science 69 (1775): 9. January 4, 1929. 
  30. ↑ Haven, Kendall F. (1999). 100 Most Popular Scientists for Young Adults. Libraries Unlimited. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-585-22555-5. 
  31. ↑ Aiyasami, Jayaraman (1989). Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman: A Memoir. Affiliated East-West Press. p. 94. 
  32. ↑ Ekspong, Gösta (2002). Physics: Nobel Lectures. Nobel Foundation. p. 383. ISBN 978-981-02-2677-0. 
  33. ↑ Boorse, Henry Abraham (1989). The Atomic Scientists: A Biographical History. Wiley. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-471-50455-9. https://archive.org/details/atomicscientists00boor/page/340. 
  34. ↑ Wasson, Tyler (1987). Nobel Prize Winners: An H.W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary. Wiley. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-8242-0756-4. https://archive.org/details/nobelprizewinner0000unse_k3o3/page/30. 
  35. ↑ Ekspong, Gösta (2002). Physics: Nobel Lectures. Nobel Foundation. p. 92. ISBN 978-981-02-2677-0. 
  36. ↑ Mehra, Jagdish (2001). The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Springer. p. 623. ISBN 978-0-387-96284-9. 
  37. ↑ "Royal Society Medallists". Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 84 (2187): 480–481. November 27, 1936. doi:10.1126/science.84.2187.480.b. 
  38. ↑ Aird, Robert Burns (1994). Foundations of Modern Neurology: A Century of Progress. Raven Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-7817-0112-9. 
  39. ↑ Mehra, Jagdish (2001). The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Springer. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-387-96284-9. 
  40. ↑ Bury, John P. T. (1952). The College of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary. University of California. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-85115-612-5. 
  41. ↑ Ridenour, L. N., ed (February 1941). "Honors and Awards". The Review of Scientific Instruments. New Series (New York, New York: American Institute of Physics) 12 ([2]): 115. 
  42. ↑ Davis, Edward Arthur (1998). Nevill Mott: Reminiscences and Appreciations. CRC Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7484-0790-3. 
  43. ↑ Bleaney, Brebis (2004). "Oliphant, Sir Marcus Laurence Elwin". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/74397. http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/74397. Retrieved 2009-02-06.  (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  44. ↑ Osborne, Peter (2004). "Finch, George Ingle". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33130. http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/33130?docPos=2. Retrieved 2009-02-06.  (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  45. ↑ "Janus: The Papers of Sir Basil Schonland". Janus. http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0014%2FSCHO. 
  46. ↑ "Wageningen UR — Wageningen University — Laboratory of Biophysics". Wageningen University. http://www.bip.wur.nl/UK/education/Quantum+Page/Important+People/. 
  47. ↑ "Cecil Powell — Biography". nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1950/powell-bio.html. 
  48. ↑ "Max Born — Biography". nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1954/born-bio.html. 
  49. ↑ "Catalogue — National Library of Australia". http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Author/Home?author=Bullard,%20Edward,%20Sir,%201907-. 
  50. ↑ "Martin Ryle — Autobiography". nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1974/ryle-autobio.html. 
  51. ↑ Blake, Robert (2004). "Lindemann, Frederick Alexander, Viscount Cherwell". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34533. http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/34533. Retrieved 2009-02-06.  (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  52. ↑ "Biography". Boston University. http://sthweb.bu.edu/shaw/anna-howard-shaw-center/biography?view=mediawiki&article=Joseph_Proudman. 
  53. ↑ Cottrell, Alan (1973). "Materials and energy". Metallurgical Transactions 4 (2): 405–410. doi:10.1007/BF02648691. Bibcode: 1973MT......4..405C. 
  54. ↑ "Professor Brebis Bleaney — Obituaries". The Independent (London). 2006-11-30. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-brebis-bleaney-426344.html. 
  55. ↑ "Abdus Salam — Curriculum". nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1979/salam-cv.html. 
  56. ↑ Kemmer, Margaret (6 Nov 1998). "Obituary — Professor Nicholas Kemmer". The Independent (London, UK): p. 7. ProQuest 312781104. ISSN 0951-9467. 
  57. ↑ Mendelssohn, Kurt (1974). "A Scientist Looks at the Pyramids". in Sabloff, Jeremy A.. The Rise and Fall of Civilizations: Modern Archaeological Approaches to Ancient Cultures: selected readings. Menlo Park, California: Cummings Publishing Company. pp. 390–402. Google Books 7ncLAAAAYAAJ. Internet Archive risefallofcivili0000lamb.. ISBN 0-8465-6706-7.  Reprinted from: Mendelssohn, Kurt (March–April 1971). "A Scientist Looks at the Pyramids: Engineering evidence connected with the building of the great pyramids suggests conclusions that go far beyond the problems of pyramid design". American Scientist 59 (2): 210–220. ISSN 0003-0996.  (The author biography on the first page of each is the relevant part, and it is different in each, but both versions mention the Hughes Medal.)
  58. ↑ "Dyson biography". University of St Andrews. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Dyson.html. 
  59. ↑ "Progress Report 43". University of Bath. http://www.bath.ac.uk/ncuacs/prgrep43.htm. 
  60. ↑ "EGS — David Bates". European Geophysical Society. http://www.egu.eu/egs/bates.htm. 
  61. ↑ "Brown, Robert Hanbury — Bright Sparcs Biography Entry". University of Melbourne. http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/biogs/P000271b.htm. 
  62. ↑ "Brian D Josephson — Curriculum Vitae". nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1973/josephson-cv.html. 
  63. ↑ "Professor Sir Peter Hirsch". University of Oxford. http://www.materials.ox.ac.uk/peoplepages/hirsch.html. 
  64. ↑ "Obituaries". CosNews. International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. Spring 1997. http://www.iupap.org/commissions/c4/cosnews/cosnews38.html. 
  65. ↑ Ross, G (2006). "Obituary: Richard Dalitz (1925–2006)". Nature 440 (7081): 162. doi:10.1038/440162a. PMID 16525459. Bibcode: 2006Natur.440..162R. 
  66. ↑ White, Michael (2002). Stephen Hawking: A Life in Science. Joseph Henry Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-452-26988-0. https://archive.org/details/stephenhawkingli00whit_0/page/162. 
  67. ↑ Parker, Sybil P. (1980). McGraw-Hill Modern Scientists and Engineers: A-G. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 56. 
  68. ↑ "Announcements". Nature 277 (5698): 677. 1979. doi:10.1038/277677a0. Bibcode: 1979Natur.277..677.. 
  69. ↑ Sleeman, Elizabeth (2003). The International Who's Who 2004. Europa. p. 677. 
  70. ↑ The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2003. p. 728. 
  71. ↑ "Address of the President Sir Andrew Huxley at the Anniversary Meeting, 30 November 1982 / Anniversary Address by Sir Andrew Huxley, P.R.S. : Award of Medals 1982". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 217 (1207): 117–128. January 22, 1983. "The Hughes Medal is awarded to Dr D. H. Matthews, F.R.S., and Professor F. J. Vine, F.R.S., in recognition of their elucidation of the magnetic properties of the ocean floors, which subsequently led to the plate tectonic hypothesis. [...]". 
  72. ↑ "1965: WARD, Professor John Clive". Year-book of the Royal Society of London (97th ed.). 1993. p. B95. Google Books lbEgAQAAMAAJ. HathiTrust ien.35556022288260.. 
  73. ↑ "Personal Notes". Mathematical Chronicle (Mathematical Chronicle Committee, Department of Mathematics, University of Auckland): 118. 1985. Google Books GTK7AAAAIAAJ. 
  74. ↑ Matthew, H. C. G. (2004). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 954. ISBN 978-0-19-280089-3. https://archive.org/details/isbn_0198613970. 
  75. ↑ Matthew, H. C. G. (2004). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 798. ISBN 978-0-19-280089-3. https://archive.org/details/isbn_0198613903. 
  76. ↑ Harris, Jack (February 1992). "MATERIAL PROGRESS : Other medalists". Metals and Materials (Institute of Materials) 8 (2): 119. Google Books 0MdaAAAAYAAJ, dGpKAQAAIAAJ. HathiTrust pst.000052087028, mdp.39015026561863, uc1.31822015413875.. ISSN 0266-7185. 
  77. ↑ "1967: SEATON, Professor Michael John". Year-book of the Royal Society of London (97th ed.). 1993. p. B82. Google Books lbEgAQAAMAAJ. HathiTrust ien.35556022288260.. 
  78. ↑ "Professor George Isaak". The Daily Telegraph (London). 2005-07-14. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1493956/Professor-George-Isaak.html. 
  79. ↑ "Annual Report: Awards & Prizes". University of Cambridge. http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/annualreport/1996-7/h.html. 
  80. ↑ "Professor Andrew Lang: Pioneer of X-ray diffraction physics". The Independent. 25 August 2008. 
  81. ↑ "Annual Report: Awards & Prizes". University of Cambridge. http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/annualreport/1996-7/h.html. 
  82. ↑ "Yudhoyono meets with ASC 2008 participants". Antara. 8 June 2008. 
  83. ↑ "Glittering prizes". Times Higher Education. 15 June 2001. 
  84. ↑ "Annual Review 2003". University of Birmingham. http://www.publications.bham.ac.uk/annual-review-03/honours.htm. 
  85. ↑ "Cambridge professor receives top scientific honour". University of Cambridge. 2008-05-06. http://www.cambridgenetwork.co.uk/news/article/default.aspx?objid=46841. 
  86. ↑ "Royal Society Hughes Medal". University of Oxford. http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/news?page=3. 
  87. ↑ Dunning, Hayley (19 July 218). "Royal Society medals go to three Imperial academics". Imperial College London. https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/187306/royal-society-medals-three-imperial-academics/. 
  88. ↑ "Professor Andy Cooper awarded Royal Society Hughes Medal". University of Liverpool. 18 July 2019. https://news.liverpool.ac.uk/2019/07/18/professor-andy-cooper-awarded-royal-society-hughes-medal/. 
  89. ↑ "Hughes Medal recognises Grey's energy research". University of Cambridge. Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry. 3 August 2020. https://www.ch.cam.ac.uk/news/hughes-medal-recognises-greys-energy-research. 
  90. ↑ Mitchell, Candice (24 August 2021). "Congratulations to John on winning the Royal Society Hughes Medal 2021". The University of St Andrews. JTSI Group – Energy and Materials in St Andrews. https://jtsigroup.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/2021/08/24/congratulations-to-john-on-winning-the-royal-society-hughes-medal-2021/. 
  91. ↑ "Royal Society Hughes Medal". University of Oxford. https://www.materials.ox.ac.uk/article/royal-society-hughes-medal. 
  92. ↑ "Hughes Medal awarded for Reisner sustainability research". University of Cambridge. Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry. 31 August 2023. https://www.ch.cam.ac.uk/news/hughes-medal-awarded-reisner-sustainability-research. 
  93. ↑ McQuaid, Katie (28 August 2024). "Royal Society U.K. bestows Hughes Medal on Dr. Linda Nazar". University of Waterloo. https://uwaterloo.ca/news/royal-society-uk-bestows-hughes-medal-dr-linda-nazar. 

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