Physics:Minimum ionization
From HandWiki
The ionization energy loss of charged particles in a medium is primarily a function of its velocity 
. It reaches a minimum at values of 
between 3 and 4. The minimum ionization is of the order of a few thousand ionizations per (gcm-2) in most materials, quite independent of the particle mass. The abbreviation mip is often used for minimum-ionizing particle.
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