Place:European Capital of Culture
A European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union (EU) for a period of one calendar year during which it organises a series of cultural events with a strong pan-European dimension. Being a European Capital of Culture can be an opportunity for a city to generate considerable cultural, social, and economic benefits, and it can help foster urban regeneration, change the city's image, and raise its visibility and profile on an international scale. Multiple cities can be a European Capital of Culture simultaneously.
In 1985, Melina Mercouri, Greece's Minister of Culture, and her French counterpart Jack Lang came up with the idea of designating an annual City of Culture to bring Europeans closer together by highlighting the richness and diversity of European cultures and raising awareness of their common history and values.
The Commission of the European Union manages the title, and each year the Council of Ministers of the European Union formally designates European Capitals of Culture: more than 60 cities have been designated so far. The current European Capitals of Culture for 2025 are Nova Gorica in Slovenia with Gorizia in Italy, and Chemnitz in Germany.
Selection process
An international panel of cultural experts is in charge of assessing the proposals of cities for the title according to criteria specified by the European Union.
For two of the capitals each year, eligibility is open to cities in EU member states only. From 2021 and every three years thereafter, a third capital will be chosen from cities in countries that are candidates or potential candidates for membership, or in countries that are part of the European Economic Area (EEA)[1][2]– an example of the latter being Stavanger, Norway, which was a European Capital of Culture in 2008.
A 2004 study conducted for the Commission, known as the "Palmer report", demonstrated that the choice of European Capital of Culture served as a catalyst for cultural development and the transformation of the city.[3] Consequently, the beneficial socio-economic development and impact for the chosen city are now also considered in determining the chosen cities.
Bids from five United Kingdom cities to be the 2023 Capital of Culture were disqualified in November 2017, because the UK was planning to leave the EU before 2023.[4]
History
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The European Capital of Culture programme was initially called the European City of Culture and was conceived in 1983, by Melina Mercouri, then serving as minister of culture in Greece. Mercouri believed that at the time, culture was not given the same attention as politics and economics and a project for promoting European cultures within the member states should be pursued.
The European City of Culture programme was launched in the summer of 1985 with Athens being the first title-holder.[5] In 1999, the European City of Culture program was renamed to European Capital of Culture.[6]
New Voices in Creative Capitals: A Shift Toward Community-Driven Culture
After 35 years of history, the European Capital of Culture (ECOC) initiative has experienced a significant shift in its approach to city branding, moving from a top-down model to a more inclusive, bottom-up strategy. This shift is reflected in the rise of innovative online projects, where a diverse range of participants—from volunteers and community activists to bloggers and interpreters—now play pivotal roles in shaping the creative landscape of the designated cities.
In Galway, Ireland, Polish journalist Malgosia Doczyk launched the platform Blue Tram, inspired by her previous involvement in similar initiatives in Sibiu 2007 (Romania) and Wrocław 2016 (Poland). This platform serves as a catalyst for creative exchange and collaboration among artists and residents.[7]
In Plovdiv, Bulgaria, Tatyana Garkavaya — a Bulgarian-Ukrainian award-winning writer, researcher, and web designer — established a networking platform aimed at connecting creative professionals from various ECOC cities, including Plovdiv 2019, Galway 2020, Kaunas 2022, and Veszprém-Balaton 2023. Through interviews with local artists and designers, the platform fosters new partnerships and collaborations, while offering an in-depth look at their projects and experiences.[8]
The Cultural Insights, Garkavaya’s initiative, extends the findings of her master’s thesis, which focused on Aarhus 2017 and Paphos 2017.[9] Through that academic work at the University of Milan, Garkavaya identified overlooked narratives within the local creative communities and used cultural and environmental advocacy to amplify the voices of musicians, designers, and artists often sidelined in the mainstream dialogue,.[10][11]
This initiative holds particular significance for creative professionals in Bulgaria, where the official program of Plovdiv 2019 faced numerous scandals and a lack of public engagement. The inability of the official channels to adequately promote the event and connect with local participants led to widespread disillusionment.[12] By contrast, Garkavaya’s platform provided a much-needed space for genuine, grassroots collaboration and visibility.
List of European Capitals of Culture
| Year | City | Country | Notes/Links | Candidate cities |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1985 | Athens |  Greece |
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| 1986 | Florence |  Italy |
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| 1987 | Amsterdam |  Netherlands |
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| 1988 | West Berlin | Template:Country data West Berlin | City under Western Allied occupation until 1990; territory was claimed by the Federal Republic of Germany. The name "European City of Culture" was used instead of "Capital" in order to not provoke the East German government.[13][14] | |
| 1989 | Paris |  France |
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| 1990 | Glasgow |  United Kingdom |
Glasgow Garden Festival | |
| 1991 | Dublin |  Ireland |
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| 1992 | Madrid |  Spain |
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| 1993 | Antwerp |  Belgium |
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| 1994 | Lisbon |  Portugal |
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| 1995 | Luxembourg City |  Luxembourg |
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| 1996 | Copenhagen |  Denmark |
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| 1997 | Thessaloniki | Greece |
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| 1998 | Stockholm |  Sweden |
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| 1999 | Weimar |  Germany |
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| 2000 | Avignon | France |
The year 2000 was called the millennium year and treated in a special way, in order to emphasize the enduring heritage and contribution of European cities to world culture and civilization. Because of that, nine locations were chosen, including two cities of states that were to join the EU on 1 May 2004.[15] | |
| Bergen |  Norway
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| Bologna | Italy
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| Brussels | Belgium
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| Helsinki |  Finland
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| Kraków |  Poland
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| Prague |  Czech Republic
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| Reykjavík |  Iceland
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| Santiago de Compostela | Spain
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| 2001 | Porto | Portugal |
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| Rotterdam | Netherlands |
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| 2002 | Bruges | Belgium |
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| Salamanca | Spain |
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| 2003 | Graz |  Austria |
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| 2004 | Genoa | Italy |
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| Lille | France |
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| 2005 | Cork | Ireland |
Cork Caucus | Galway, Limerick, Waterford[16] |
| 2006 | Patras | Greece |
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| 2007 | Luxembourg City | Luxembourg |
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| Sibiu |  Romania |
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| 2008 | Liverpool | United Kingdom |
Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Newcastle and Gateshead (joint bid), Oxford[17] | |
| Stavanger | Norway |
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| 2009 | Linz | Austria |
Linz 2009 | |
| Vilnius |  Lithuania |
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| 2010 | Essen | Germany |
Representing the whole Ruhr as Ruhr.2010. | Braunschweig, Bremen, Görlitz, Halle an der Saale, Karlsruhe, Kassel, Lübeck, Potsdam, Regensburg |
| Istanbul |  Turkey |
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| Pécs |  Hungary |
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| 2011 | Tallinn |  Estonia |
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| Turku | Finland |
Turku 2011 | ||
| 2012 | Guimarães | Portugal |
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| Maribor |  Slovenia |
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| 2013 | Košice |  Slovakia |
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| Marseille | France |
Marseille-Provence 2013 | Bordeaux, Lyon, Toulouse[18] | |
| 2014 | Riga |  Latvia |
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| Umeå | Sweden |
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| 2015 | Mons | Belgium |
Mons 2015 | |
| Plzeň | Czech Republic |
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| 2016 | San Sebastián | Spain |
Donostia/San Sebastián 2016 (Donostia 2016) | Burgos, Córdoba, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Segovia, Zaragoza[19] |
| Wrocław | Poland |
Gdańsk, Katowice, Lublin, Warsaw[20] | ||
| 2017 | Aarhus | Denmark |
Aarhus 2017 | Sønderborg[21] |
| Paphos |  Cyprus |
Pafos 2017 | Limassol, Nicosia[22] | |
| 2018 | Leeuwarden | Netherlands |
Eindhoven, Maastricht, The Hague, Utrecht[23] | |
| Valletta |  Malta |
Valletta 2018 | ||
| 2019 | Matera | Italy |
Matera 2019 | Cagliari, Lecce, Perugia, Ravenna, Siena[24] |
| Plovdiv |  Bulgaria |
Plovdiv 2019 | Sofia, Varna, Veliko Turnovo[25] | |
| 2020 – April 2021 | Galway | Ireland |
Galway 2020 | Limerick, The Three Sisters (joint bid Waterford, Wexford, Kilkenny)[26] |
| Rijeka |  Croatia |
Rijeka 2020 | Dubrovnik, Osijek, Pula[27] | |
| 2022 | Esch-sur-Alzette | Luxembourg |
Esch-sur-Alzette 2022 | |
| Kaunas | Lithuania |
Kaunas 2022 | Klaipėda[28] | |
| Novi Sad |  Serbia |
Novi Sad 2022 (Coronavirus postponement) | ||
| 20231 | Eleusis | Greece |
Eleusis 2023 (Coronavirus postponement) | Kalamata, Rhodes[29] |
| Timișoara | Romania |
Timișoara 2023 (Coronavirus postponement) | Baia Mare, Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca[30] | |
| Veszprém | Hungary |
Veszprém 2023 | Debrecen, Győr[31] | |
| 2024 | Bad Ischl | Austria |
Salzkammergut 2024 | Dornbirn, St. Pölten[32] |
| Bodø2 | Norway |
Bodø 2024 | Banja Luka, Mostar[33] | |
| Tartu | Estonia |
Tartu 2024 | Kuressaare, Narva[34] | |
| 2025 | Chemnitz | Germany |
Chemnitz 2025 | Hannover, Hildesheim, Magdeburg, Nuremberg[35] |
| Nova Gorica/Gorizia joint bid | Slovenia Italy |
GO! 2025 | Ljubljana, Piran, Ptuj[36] | |
| 2026 | Oulu | Finland |
Oulu 2026 | Savonlinna, Tampere[37] |
| Trenčín[38] | Slovakia |
Trenčín 2026 | Nitra, Žilina | |
| 2027 | Évora | Portugal |
Évora 2027 | Aveiro, Braga, Ponta Delgada[39] |
| Liepāja | Latvia |
Liepāja 2027 | Daugavpils, Valmiera[40] | |
| 2028 | Bourges[41] | France |
Bourges 2028 | Clermont-Ferrand, Montpellier, Rouen, Saint-Denis |
| České Budějovice[42] | Czech Republic |
České Budějovice 2028 | Broumov, Brno, Liberec | |
| Skopje2 |  North Macedonia |
Skopje 2028 | Budva[43] | |
| 2029 | Kiruna[44] | Sweden |
Kiruna 2029 | Uppsala[45] |
| Lublin[46] | Poland |
Lublin 2029 | Bielsko-Biała, Katowice, Kołobrzeg[47] | |
| 2030 | TBA December 2025[48] | Cyprus |
Shortlisted cities:[48] Larnaca, Limassol Other applicants: Nicosia[49] | |
| Leuven[50] | Belgium |
Leuven 2030 | Molenbeek, Namur, Bruges, Ghent, Kortrijk[51] | |
| TBA2 autumn 2025[52] | TBA | Lviv, Nikšić[53] | ||
| 2031 | TBA bids until 26 September 2025[54] |
Malta |
Birgu, Victoria[55] | |
| TBA bids until 31 December 2025[56] |
Spain |
potential candidates:[57] Burgos, Cáceres, Granada, Jerez de la Frontera, Las Palmas, Toledo | ||
| 2032 | TBA | Bulgaria |
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| TBA | Denmark |
potential candidate: Næstved[58] | ||
| 2033 | TBA | Netherlands |
potential candidate: Heerlen[59] | |
| TBA | Italy |
potential candidates: Turin,[60] Pesaro/Urbino,[61] Viterbo[62] | ||
| TBA2 | TBA |
1 The European Capital of Culture was due to be in the UK in 2023. However, due to its decision to leave the European Union, UK cities would no longer be eligible to hold the title after 2019. The European Commission's Scotland office confirmed that this would be the case on 23 November 2017, only one week before the UK was due to announce which city would be put forward.[63] The candidate cities were Dundee,[64] Leeds, Milton Keynes,[65] Nottingham and a joint bid from Northern Irish cities of Belfast and Derry and the town of Strabane.[66]
2 A new framework makes it possible for cities in candidate countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, Ukraine), potential candidates for EU membership (Kosovo) or EFTA member states (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland) to hold the title every third year as of 2021. This will be selected through an open competition, meaning that cities from various countries may compete with each other.[67]
See also
References
- ↑ "Decision No 445/2014/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014". 3 May 2014. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014D0445&from=EN.
- ↑ "European Capitals of Culture 2020 to 2033 — A guide for cities preparing to bid". European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative-europe/sites/creative-europe/files/capitals-culture-candidates-guide_en.pdf.
- ↑ Palmer, Robert. "European Cities and Capitals of Culture". http://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative-europe/actions/documents/ecoc/cap-part1_en.pdf. Study prepared for the European Commission
- ↑ "Brexit blow to UK 2023 culture crown bids". 23 November 2017. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-42095477.
- ↑ Kiran Klaus Patel, ed., The Cultural Politics of Europe: European Capitals of Culture and European Union since the 1980s (London: Routledge, 2013)
- ↑ "History – UNeECC" (in en-US). https://uneecc.org/european-capitals-of-culture/history/.
- ↑ Blue Tram (2020 February) Life is beautiful because of the people we meet https://bluetram.net/life-is-beautiful-because-of-the-people-we-meet/
- ↑ Cultural Insights. (2020, February 15) From Plovdiv 2019 to Galway 2020: the Origin of the Cultural Insights by Tatyana Garkavaya https://artnatureinsights.github.io/tg/plovdiv-2019.html
- ↑ An Analysis of the Communication Strategies of the European Capitals of Culture 2017 Aarhus and Pafos by Tatyana Garkavaya https://www.academia.edu/71684113/Masters_Thesis_An_Analysis_of_the_Communication_Strategies_of_the_European_Capitals_of_Culture_2017_Aarhus_and_Pafos
- ↑ School of Participation Plovdiv 2019 Staying close together /// report 2019-2020 https://plovdiv2019.eu/data/fms/Legacy_photos/School%20of%20Participation.pdf
- ↑ Plovdiv 2019. Growing #Together Our Volunteer Legacy p. 120-121, 131 https://plovdiv2019.eu/data/fms/Plovdiv2019_2.pdf
- ↑ Homophobia scandal hits Plovdiv, Bulgaria's European capital of culture https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/07/homophobia-scandal-hits-plovdiv-bulgaria-european-capital-of-culture
- ↑ Janet Merkel (5 December 2016). "From a divided city to a capital city: Berlin's cultural policy frameworks between 1945 and 2015". Politiques de la culture. doi:10.58079/mreh. https://chmcc.hypotheses.org/2474.
- ↑ "Tanz im August | International Festival Berlin | Berlin - European Capital of Culture 1988". https://www.tanzimaugust.de/en/30years/berlin-european-capital-of-culture-in-1988.
- ↑ "Association of European Cities of Culture of the Year 2000 – KRAKOW THE OPEN CITY". https://www.krakow.pl/krakow_open_city/international_organisations/8370,artykul,association_of_european_cities_of_culture_of_the_year_2000.html.
- ↑ "Galway & Cork make culture shortlist". 10 September 2001. https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2001/0910/394658-culture/.
- ↑ "Liverpool named European capital of culture". 4 June 2003. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2003/jun/04/communities.politicsandthearts1.
- ↑ "Marseille named Europe's culture capital for 2013". 16 September 2008. https://www.france24.com/en/20080916-marseille-named-europes-culture-capital-2013-culture.
- ↑ "The European Capital of Culture in Spain in 2016 will be San Sebastián". 29 June 2011. https://euroalert.net/en/news/12903/the-european-capital-of-culture-in-spain-in-2016-will-be-san-sebastian.
- ↑ "Wrocław Chosen as European Capital of Culture 2016". 28 June 2011. https://culture.pl/en/article/wroclaw-chosen-as-european-capital-of-culture-2016.
- ↑ "Sønderborg, Denmark: EU Capital of Culture 2017?". 13 March 2012. https://avidcruiser.com/2012/03/sonderborg-eu-capital-of-culture-2017/.
- ↑ "Nicosia and Paphos outbid Limassol for European Capital of Culture 2017". 22 June 2011. https://archive.cyprus-mail.com/2011/12/22/nicosia-and-paphos-outbid-limassol-for-european-capital-of-culture-2017/.
- ↑ "Who What When Where Why: LF2018". 11 June 2018. https://northerntimes.nl/who-what-when-where-why-lf2018/.
- ↑ "Matera to be 2019 European Capital of Culture in Italy". 20 October 2014. https://igcat.org/matera-to-be-2019-european-capital-of-culture-in-italy/.
- ↑ "Four cities shortlisted for Bulgaria's European Capital of Culture 2019". 12 December 2013. https://sofiaglobe.com/2013/12/12/four-cities-shortlisted-for-bulgarias-european-capital-of-culture-2019/.
- ↑ "Galway to be European Capital of Culture 2020". 15 July 2016. https://visualartists.ie/galway-to-be-european-capital-of-culture-2020/.
- ↑ "The Final Shortlist of European Capital of Culture Announced". 24 November 2015. https://council.ie/the-final-shortlist-of-european-capital-of-culture-announced/.
- ↑ "Kaunas is shortlisted for the title of European Capital of Culture 2022". 27 June 2016. https://en.kaunas.lt/news/kaunas-is-shortlisted-for-the-title-of-european-capital-of-culture-2022.
- ↑ "Eleusis 2023". 21 July 2021. https://aisxylia.gr/eleusis-2021/?lang=en.
- ↑ "Timisoara 2021". http://ecoc.poieinkaiprattein.org/european-capital-of-culture/timisoara-2021/.
- ↑ "Veszprém formally named 2023 European Capital of Culture". 6 March 2019. https://bbj.hu/business/veszprem-formally-named-2023-european-capital-of-culture/.
- ↑ "FAQs". https://www.salzkammergut-2024.at/en/faqs-2/.
- ↑ "Bodø recommended for the European Capital of Culture 2024 title beyond the EU". 2 June 2022. https://culture.ec.europa.eu/news/bodo-recommended-for-the-european-capital-of-culture-2024-title-beyond-the-eu.
- ↑ "Tartu win not a 'unanimous' decision for European Capital of Culture 2024". 29 August 2019. https://news.err.ee/974503/tartu-win-not-a-unanimous-decision-for-european-capital-of-culture-2024.
- ↑ "Chemnitz to be European Capital of Culture 2025". 28 October 2020. https://www.dw.com/en/chemnitz-to-be-european-capital-of-culture-2025-in-germany/a-55421709.
- ↑ "GO! 2025 - European Capital of Culture Nova Gorica-Gorizia 2025". https://euro-go.eu/en/programmi-e-progetti/capitale-europea-della-cultura-2025/.
- ↑ "Oulu named European Capital of Culture 2026". 9 June 2021. https://www.thebarentsobserver.com/life-and-public/oulu-named-european-capital-of-culture-2026/149302.
- ↑ "Trenčín to be the European Capital of Culture 2026 in Slovakia". 2021-12-10. https://ec.europa.eu/culture/news/trencin-to-be-the-european-capital-of-culture-2026-in-slovakia.
- ↑ "Évora named 2027 European Capital of Culture". 7 December 2022. https://www.portugalresident.com/evora-named-2027-european-capital-of-culture/.
- ↑ "Liepaja is the European Capital of culture for 2027". 10 May 2022. https://www.ecocnews.com/capitals/item/376-liepaja-is-the-european-capital-of-culture-for-2027.
- ↑ "Bourges to be the European Capital of Culture 2028 in France". European Commission. 13 December 2023. https://culture.ec.europa.eu/news/bourges-to-be-the-european-capital-of-culture-2028-in-france.
- ↑ "České Budějovice to be the European Capital of Culture 2028 in the Czech Republic". European Commission. 30 June 2023. https://culture.ec.europa.eu/news/ceske-budejovice-to-be-the-european-capital-of-culture-2028-in-the-czech-republic.
- ↑ "Skopje 2028, is online the Panel's Decision". ecocnews.com. 31 October 2023. https://www.ecocnews.com/capitals/item/628-skopje-2028-is-online-the-panel-s-decision.
- ↑ "Kiruna becomes Europe's cultural capital: "Grateful"" (in English). Sweden Herald. 6 December 2024. https://swedenherald.com/article/kiruna-becomes-europes-capital-of-culture-2029.
- ↑ "Kiruna och Uppsala vill bli kulturhuvudstad" (in Swedish). Kulturrådet. https://www.kulturradet.se/nyheter/2024/kiruna-och-uppsala-vill-bli-kulturhuvudstad/.
- ↑ "Lublin has been awarded the title of European Capital of Culture 2029!". White Mad. 25 September 2024. https://www.whitemad.pl/en/lublin-has-been-awarded-the-title-of-european-capital-of-culture-2029/.
- ↑ "Lublin has been awarded the title of European Capital of Culture 2029!". White Mad. 25 September 2024. https://www.whitemad.pl/en/lublin-has-been-awarded-the-title-of-european-capital-of-culture-2029/.
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Two cities shortlisted for the European Capital of Culture 2030 in Cyprus". European Commission. 27 February 2025. https://culture.ec.europa.eu/news/two-cities-shortlisted-for-the-european-capital-of-culture-2030-in-cyprus.
- ↑ "The race is on: Three cities bidding for EU cultural capital 2030". 30 October 2023. https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/10/30/the-race-is-on-three-cities-bidding-for-eu-cultural-capital-2030/.
- ↑ NWS, VRT (2025-09-24). "Leuven wordt Culturele hoofdstad van Europa in 2030 | VRT NWS: nieuws" (in nl). https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2025/09/24/europese-culturele-hoofdstad-leuven-molenbeek-namen/.
- ↑ "European Capital Of Culture 2030 Belgium". https://www.ecoc2030.be/.
- ↑ "Designated European Capitals of Culture". European Commission. https://culture.ec.europa.eu/policies/culture-in-cities-and-regions/designated-capitals-of-culture.
- ↑ "Ecoc 2030, in shortlist Lviv (Ukraine) and Nikšić (Montenegro)". https://www.ecocnews.com/news/item/746-ecoc-2030-in-shortlist-lviv-ukraine-and-niksic-montenegro.
- ↑ "Provisional timeline - ECoC 2031". vca.gov.mt. https://www.vca.gov.mt/en/timeline/.
- ↑ "European Capital of Culture 2031 Candidates". https://www.vca.gov.mt/en/news/european-capital-of-culture-2031-candidates/.
- ↑ "El Ministerio de Cultura inicia el proceso de designación de la Capital Europea de la Cultura 2031". Ministerio de Cultura. 27 December 2024. https://www.cultura.gob.es/actualidad/2024/12/241227-capital-europea-cultura.html.
- ↑ "Spain 2031, six cities want to be Ecoc". ecocnews.com. 21 July 2024. https://www.ecocnews.com/capitals/item/704-spain-2031-six-cities-want-to-be-ecoc.
- ↑ "Vild plan: Vil gøre Næstved til europæisk kulturhovedstad". 11 January 2022. https://www.sn.dk/naestved-kommune/vild-plan-vil-goere-naestved-til-europaeisk-kulturhovedstad/.
- ↑ Steen, Paul van der (8 March 2023). "Heerlen wil culturele hoofdstad van Europa worden". NRC. https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2023/03/08/heerlen-wil-culturele-hoofdstad-van-europa-worden-a4158932.
- ↑ "Torino Capitale europea della Cultura nel 2033? Il Consiglio comunale dice "sì" alla candidatura". Torino Oggi. 19 April 2021. https://www.torinoggi.it/2021/04/19/leggi-notizia/argomenti/politica-11/articolo/torino-capitale-europea-della-cultura-nel-2033-il-consiglio-comunale-dice-si-alla-candidatura.html.
- ↑ "Pesaro e Urbino insieme per la candidatura a Capitali europee della cultura 2033". Progress. https://progressonline.it/posts/2024-07-18-pesaro-e-urbino-insieme-per-la-candidatura-a-capitali-europee-della-cultura-2033/.
- ↑ "Viterbo candidata a Capitale Europea della Cultura 2033". Italia Economy. 6 March 2024. https://italiaeconomy.it/viterbo-candidata-a-capitale-europea-cultura-2033/.
- ↑ Brady, Jon (23 November 2017). "Brexit destroys Dundee's hopes of being European Capital of Culture in 2023". Evening Telegraph. https://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/fp/brexit-destroys-dundees-hopes-european-capital-culture-2023/.
- ↑ Lorimer, Scott. "The latest news and sport from Dundee, Tayside and Fife". Evening Telegraph. http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/news/local/dundee/dundee-sets-sights-on-european-capital-of-culture-bid-1.884745.
- ↑ "European Capital of Culture". Milton Keynes Council. http://www.milton-keynes.gov.uk/leisure-tourism-and-culture/european-capital-of-culture.
- ↑ Meredith, Robbie (5 July 2017). "NI councils make bid for European Capital of Culture title". https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-40499143.
- ↑ "European Capitals of Culture". European Union. 6 Feb 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative-europe/content/european-capitals-culture-2026-slovakia_en.
External links
- European Capitals of Culture
- Decision No 1622/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 2006 establishing a Community action for the European Capital of Culture event for the years 2007 to 2019
- Decision No 445/2014/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 establishing a Union action for the European Capitals of Culture for the years 2020 to 2033 and repealing Decision No 1622/2006/EC
Template:European Capital of Culture
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