Place:List of Kurdish dynasties and countries

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This is a list of Kurdish dynasties, countries and autonomous territories. By the 10th century, the term "Kurd" did not have an ethnic connotation and referred to Iranian nomads in the region between Lake Van and Lake Urmia.[1] In Arabic medieval sources, "Kurd" referred to non-Persian and non-Turkish nomads and semi-nomads (see Origin of the Kurds).[2][3]

Early entities

Ayyubid dynasty in 1193
  • Sadakiyans (770-827)
  • Daysam (938–955)[4]
  • Hadhabanis (906–1080)
  • Aishanids (912–961)[5]
  • Shaddadids (951–1199)[6]
  • Rawwadids (955–1071)
  • Hasanwayhids (959–1014)[7]
  • Marwanids (983–1096)[6]
  • Annazids (990/91[8][9]–1117)[10]
  • Shabankara (11th century–12th century)[11][12]
  • Principality of Eğil (1049–1864, Diyarbakir)[13]
  • Hazaraspids (1115–1425)
  • Ayyubid dynasty (1171–1341)[14]
  • Principality of Bitlis (1187–1847)
  • Vassaldom of Ardalan (14th century[15]–1865 or 1868[16][17])
  • Zakarids (1161–1360)[18][19][20]
  • Emirate of Çemişgezek (13th century–1663)[21]
  • Mukriyan (14th century–19th century)[22]
  • Zarrinnaal Dynasty (1448–1925)
  • Emirate of Pazooka (1499–1587)[23]
  • Principality of Suleyman[24] (15th century–1838)
  • Emirate of Soran (before 1514[25]–1836[26])
  • Emirate of Miks (?–1846)[27]

Remnants of the Ayyubid Dynasty (13th century–19th century)

Various Kurdish political entities blossomed in the period after the disestablishment of the Ayyubid dynasty in 1260. Some of these rulers claimed descent from the Ayyubids.

  • Principality of Donboli (1210–1799)[28]
  • Emirate of Bingöl (1231–1864)[29]
  • Emirate of Hasankeyf (1232[29]–1524[29])
  • Emirate of Kilis[30]
  • Emirate of Şirvan (?–1840s)[31]
  • Emirate of Hakkâri (?–1845)[32]
  • Principality of Zirqan (1335–1835)
  • Emirate of Bahdinan (1339[33]–1843[34])
  • Emirate of Bohtan (?–1833)[34]
  • Principality of Mahmudi (1406–1839)[35]
  • Principality of Pinyaşi (1548–1823)[36]

Buffer zones between the Ottomans and Persia (13th century–19th century)

For various reasons, Kurdish entities existed as buffer zones between the Ottoman Empire and Persia throughout history. These include:

  • Khoy Khanate (1210–1799)
  • Emirate of Palu (1495–1845)[37]
  • Emirate of Bradost (1510–1609)[38]
  • Baban (16th century–1850)[39]
  • Tabriz Khanate (1757–1799)[40]
  • Hasan Khan dynasty in Pish-e Kuh (1795–1820)[41]
  • Sarab Khanate (18th century)[40]

Other dynasties of Kurdish ancestry

  • Safavid dynasty (1501–1736) – The dynasty was partly of Kurdish origin.[42][43][44]
  • Zand dynasty (1750-1794) – The dynasty is of Kurdish Lak origin.[45][46]

20th-21st century entities

  • Kurdish State (1918–1919)
  • Kingdom of Kurdistan (1921–1924 and 1925)
  • Kurdistansky Uyezd (1923–1929) and Kurdistan Okrug (1930)
  • Republic of Ararat (1927–1931)
  • Republic of Mahabad (1946–1947)
  • Republic of Laçin (1992)[47]
  • Islamic Emirate of Byara (2001–2003)

Current entities

Gallery

See also

  • Kurdish emirates
  • Kurdistan Eyalet
  • House of Kayus
  • Corduene

Bibliography

References

  1. van Bruinessen, Martin (1989). A. Andrews, Peter. ed. "The ethnic identity of the Kurds". Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey: 5. 
  2. Limbert, John (1968). "The Origins and Appearance of the Kurds in Pre-Islamic Iran". Iranian Studies 1 (2): 48. doi:10.1080/00210866808701350. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4309997. 
  3. James, Boris (September 2006). "Uses and Values of the Term Kurd in Arabic Medieval Literary Sources". https://www.institutkurde.org/en/conferences/kurdish_studies_irbil_2006/Boris+JAMES.html. 
  4. Bosworth (1994). "Daysam". Iranica Online. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/daysam. 
  5. Tor, D.G. (2017). The Abbasid and Carolingian Empires: Studies in Civilizational Formation. Brill Academic Pub. p. 54-55. 
  6. 6.0 6.1 Amir Hassanpour, Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan, 1918-1985, Mellen Research University Press, 1992, p. 50.
  7. Gunter (2010), p. 117.
  8. Aḥmad, K. M. (1985). "ʿANNAZIDS". Iranica Online II. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/annazids-banu-annaz-a-kurdish-dynasty-r. 
  9. Template:Encyclopaedia Islamica
  10. Aḥmad, K. M. (1985). "ʿANNAZIDS". Iranica Online II. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/annazids-banu-annaz-a-kurdish-dynasty-r. 
  11. Büchner 2012.
  12. Spuler 2012.
  13. Han, Şeref (Çev. İbrahim Sunkur) (2016). Şerefname. Van: Sîtav. p. 204. ISBN 978-605-66520-1-1. 
  14. R. S. Humphreys, Ayyubids, "Encyclopaedia Iranica", (August 18, 2011),[1]
  15. Oberling, P.. "BANĪ ARDALĀN". http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bani-ardalan-a-kurdish-tribe-of-northwestern-iran-now-dispersed-in-sanandaj-senna-and-surrounding-villages. 
  16. David Mcdowall (1996). The Kurds. Minority Rights Group International Report. p. 20. http://bnk.institutkurde.org/images/pdf/FR5LWJGXKM.pdf. Retrieved 2 May 2020. 
  17. Najat Abdulla-Ali (2006) (in fr). Empire, frontière et tribu Le Kurdistan et le conflit de frontière turco-persan (1843-1932). p. 159. 
  18. Alexei Lidov, 1991, The mural paintings of Akhtala, p. 14, Nauka Publishers, Central Dept. of Oriental Literature, University of Michigan, ISBN:5-02-017569-2, ISBN:978-5-02-017569-3, It is clear from the account of these Armenian historians that Ivane's great grandfather broke away from the Kurdish tribe of Babir
  19. Vladimir Minorsky, 1953, Studies in Caucasian History, p. 102, CUP Archive, ISBN:0-521-05735-3, ISBN:978-0-521-05735-6, According to a tradition which has every reason to be true, their ancestors were Mesopotamian Kurds of the tribe (xel) Babirakan.
  20. Richard Barrie Dobson, 2000, Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages: A-J, p. 107, Editions du Cerf, University of Michigan, ISBN:0-227-67931-8, ISBN:978-0-227-67931-9, under the Christianized Kurdish dynasty of Zak'arids they tried to re-establish nazarar system...
  21. Ünal (1999), pp. 262–263.
  22. Hassanpour, Amir (1989). "BŪKĀN". Encyclopedia Iranica IV. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bukan-kurd. 
  23. Han, Şeref (Çev. İbrahim Sunkur) (2016). Şerefname. Van: Sîtav. p. 375. ISBN 978-605-66520-1-1. 
  24. Houtsma (1993), p. 1144-1445.
  25. Ghalib (2011), p. 50.
  26. Ebraheem (2013), p. 235.
  27. Hakan (2002).
  28. Başçı (2019), p. 63.
  29. 29.0 29.1 29.2 Maisel (2018), p. 131.
  30. Soyudoğan (2015).
  31. Verheij (2018).
  32. Flynn (2017), p. 663.
  33. Aboona (2008), p. 175.
  34. 34.0 34.1 Eppel (2018), p. 42.
  35. Top (1998), p. 6-9.
  36. Kaplan (2015), p. 4.
  37. Nusret Aydın, Diyarbakır and Mirdasiler History, 2011, p. 304-305
  38. Dehqan & Genç (2019).
  39. Behn (1988).
  40. 40.0 40.1 Tapper, Richard (2010). "Shahsevan". Encyclopedia Iranica. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/shahsevan. 
  41. Dehqn, Mustafa (2009). "Arkawāzī and His Baweyaļ: A Feylî Elegiac Verse from Piştiku". Iranian Studies 42 (3): 409–422. doi:10.1080/00210860902907362. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25597563. 
  42. Matthee 2005, p. 17; Matthee 2008.
  43. Amoretti & Matthee 2009.
  44. Savory 2008, p. 8.
  45. Perry, John. "ZAND DYNASTY" (in en). Encyclopædia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zand-dynasty. "The founder of the dynasty was Moḥammad Karim Khan b. Ināq Khan (...) of the Bagala branch of the Zand, a pastoral tribe of the Lak branch of Lors (perhaps originally Kurds; see Minorsky, p. 616) (...)" 
  46. ...the bulk of the evidence points to their being one of the northern Lur or Lak tribes, who may originally have been immigrants of Kurdish origin., Peter Avery, William Bayne Fisher, Gavin Hambly, Charles Melville (ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic, Cambridge University Press, 1991, ISBN:978-0-521-20095-0, p. 64.
  47. Kemper, Michael; Conermann, Stephan (2011). The Heritage of Soviet Oriental Studies. Routledge. pp. 92. ISBN 978-1-136-83854-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=QYmsAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Republic+of+La%C3%A7in%22&pg=PA92. "In 1992 the area of Laçin was occupied by Armeian forces; a "Kurdish Republic of Laçin" was subsequently declared by local Kurds, but this remained a rather short-lived - not to say stillborn - adventure" 

External links