Place:List of historical states of Italy
Italy, up until the Unification of Italy in 1861, was a conglomeration of city-states, republics, and other independent entities. The following is a list of the various Italian states during that period. Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the arrival of the Middle Ages (in particular from the 11th century), the Italian Peninsula was divided into numerous states. Many of these states consolidated into major political units that balanced the power on the Italian Peninsula: the Papal States, the Venetian Republic, the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Milan, the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily. Unlike all the other Italian states, the republics of Venice and Genoa, thanks to their maritime powers, went beyond territorial conquests within the Italian Peninsula, conquering various regions across the Mediterranean and Black Seas.[1][2]
Archaic Italy
- Etruscans
- Italic peoples:
- Latino-Faliscans:
- Latins (Roman Kingdom)
- Romans
- Falisci
- Latins (Roman Kingdom)
- Osco-Umbrians, also called Sabellians:
- Umbrians
- Marsi
- Umbri
- Volsci
- Oscans
- Marrucini
- Osci
- Aurunci
- Ausones
- Campanians
- Paeligni
- Sabines
- Samnitics
- Bruttii
- Frentani
- Lucani
- Samnites
- Pentri
- Caraceni
- Caudini
- Hirpini
- Others:
- Aequi
- Fidenates
- Hernici
- Picentes
- Vestini
- Sicels
- Venetics
- Umbrians
- Latino-Faliscans:
- Ligures
- Sardinians
- Greek-speaking peoples of Southern Italy
Classical Italy
- Roman Kingdom
- Roman Republic
- Roman Empire
Early Middle Ages
- Kingdom of Italy
- Ostrogothic Kingdom[3]
- Lombard Kingdom
- Duchy of Rome (under the Byzantine Empire)
- Exarchate of Ravenna (under the Byzantine Empire)
- Exarchate of Carthage (under the Byzantine Empire)
- Thema of Sicily (under the Byzantine Empire)
- Catepanate of Italy (under the Byzantine Empire)
Duchy of Benevento
Duchy of Spoleto- Duchy of Naples
- Papal States
- Republic of Venice
High Middle Ages
States in Central and Northern Italy
- Papal States
Republic of Venice
Republic of Genoa
Republic of Pisa
Republic of Florence
Republic of Lucca
Republic of Siena
Republic of Ancona
Republic of Noli
Republic of Ragusa- Republic of San Marino
States in Southern Italy
- Principality of Benevento
Principality of Salerno- Catepanate of Italy (under the Byzantine Empire)
- Principality of Capua
Duchy of Gaeta- Duchy of Naples
Duchy of Amalfi
Duchy of Sorrento
Emirate of Sicily (under the Fatimid Caliphate)
County of Sicily
County of Apulia- Duchy of Apulia
- Duchy of Calabria
- Duchy of Apulia and Calabria
Kingdom of Sicily
States of the Holy Roman Empire
- Kingdom of Italy
Commune of Milan
March of Tuscany
March of Verona- March of Treviso
- March of Ivrea
- March of Turin
March of Montferrat- March of Genoa
Patriarchate of Aquileia (including March of Friuli and March of Istria)- Duchy of Spoleto
Bishopric of Brixen
Bishopric of Trent
County of Savoy
County of Gorizia
Marquisate of Saluzzo
Marquisate of Ceva
Marquisate of Incisa
Marquisate of Finale
Sardinian Judicates
- Agugliastra
Arborea
Cagliari
Gallura
Logudoro
Late Middle Ages
Major states
Papal States- Republic of Venice
- Republic of Florence
Kingdom of Naples
Duchy of Milan- Republic of Genoa
Minor states
Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica
Kingdom of Sicily
Duchy of Ferrara- Duchy of Modena and Reggio
- Prince-Bishopric of Brixen
- Prince-Bishopric of Trent
Marquisate of Bastia- Marquisate of Ceva
- Marquisate of Finale
Marquisate of Fosdinovo- Marquisate of Incisa
Marquisate of Mantua
Marquisate of Massa- Marquisate of Saluzzo
- Marquisate of Montferrat
County of Asti
County of Correggio- County of Gorizia
County of Guastalla
County of Masserano
County of Mirandola
County of Montechiarugolo
County of Novellara
County of Pitigliano
County of Santa Fiora- County of Savoy (raised to Duchy of Savoy in 1416)
County of Nice (in personal union with Savoy)
- County of Scandiano
County of Sovana
County of Tende
County of Urbino (raised to Duchy of Urbino in 1443)
Golden Ambrosian Republic- Republic of Ancona
Republic of Cospaia- Republic of Lucca
- Republic of Noli
Republic of Ragusa- Republic of San Marino
- Republic of Siena
- Rebel city-states in Papal States
After the Italian Wars
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The Peace of Cateau Cambrésis ended the Italian Wars in 1559. The kingdoms of Sicily, Sardinia, Naples (inclusive of the State of Presidi) and the Duchy of Milan were left under the control of Spanish Habsburgs. France was in control of several fortresses and in particular of the Marquisate of Saluzzo. All the other Italian states remained independent, with the most powerful being the Venetian Republic, the Medici's Duchy of Tuscany, the Savoyard state, the Republic of Genoa, and the Papal States. The Gonzaga in Mantua, the Este in Modena and Ferrara and the Farnese in Parma and Piacenza continued to be important dynasties. Parts of the north of Italy remained a part of the Holy Roman Empire.[4][5][6]
Major states
Papal States
Republic of Venice
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Kingdom of Naples- Republic of Genoa
Duchy of Savoy
Duchy of Milan
Minor states
- Kingdom of Sardinia (under Spanish rule)
Kingdom of Sicily- Prince-Bishopric of Brixen
- Prince-Bishopric of Trent
Principality of Piombino
Principality of Monaco
Duchy of Mantua- Duchy of Ferrara
- Duchy of Modena and Reggio (In personal union with Ferrara)
Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
Duchy of Castro (in personal union with Parma)
Duchy of Urbino- Marquisate of Bastia
- Marquisate of Castiglione (raised to Principality of Castiglione in 1609)
- Marquisate of Finale
- Marquisate of Fosdinovo
- Marquisate of Massa (raised to Principality of Massa in 1568)
- Marquisate of Carrara (in personal union with Massa)
- Marquisate of Masserano (raised to Principality of Masserano in 1598)
- Marquisate of Montferrat (raised to Duchy of Montferrat in 1574; in personal union with Mantua)
Marquisate of Sabbioneta (raised to Duchy of Sabbioneta in 1577)
Marquisate of Torriglia
County of Correggio (raised to Principality of Correggio in 1616)- County of Guastalla
County of Pitigliano
County of Mirandola- County of Montechiarugolo
- County of Novellara
- County of Santa Fiora
- County of Tende
Monastic State of the Order of Malta- Republic of Ancona
- Republic of Cospaia
- Republic of Lucca
- Republic of Noli
Republic of Ragusa- Republic of San Marino
After the Wars of Succession of the 18th century
Following the European wars of succession of the 18th century and the extinction of the House of Medici, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was ruled by the Habsburg-Lorraine. Some minor states in Central and Northern Italy, such as Parma and Mantua, passed to the Austrian monarchy. Southern Italy passed to a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, known as House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. While other states such as Genoa, Savoy, Modena and Lucca remained with their governments unchanged.
Major states
- Papal States
- Kingdom of Naples (under the Habsburg monarchy from 1714 to 1735; in personal union with Sicily under the Bourbon-Two Sicilies thereafter)
Grand Duchy of Tuscany (under Habsburg-Lorraine after 1737)
Duchy of Milan (under Habsburg Monarchy)- Duchy of Savoy
- Republic of Genoa
- Republic of Venice
Minor states
Kingdom of Sardinia (under Austrian monarchy from 1714 to 1720; in personal union with Savoy thereafter)- Kingdom of Sicily (under Savoy from 1714 to 1720; under Austrian monarchy from 1720 to 1734; in personal union with Naples under the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies thereafter)
- Duchy of Mantua (under House of Gonzaga until 1708, Austrian Monarchy thereafter)
- Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (under Habsburg Monarchy from 1734 to 1748, under House of Bourbon-Parma thereafter)
Duchy of Guastalla (in personal union with Parma from 1748)- Duchy of Modena and Reggio
Duchy of Massa and Carrara (in personal union with Modena from 1731)- Duchy of Mirandola (in personal union with Modena from 1710)
- Prince-Bishopric of Brixen
Prince-Bishopric of Trent
Principality of Masserano
Principality of Torriglia
Principality of Piombino- Principality of Monaco
- Duchy of Montferrat, to House of Savoy from 1708
- Marquisate of Fosdinovo
- Marquisate of Bastia
- Republic of Lucca
- Republic of San Marino
- Republic of Ragusa
- Republic of Noli
- Republic of Cospaia
City of Fiume and its District
Their populations and other vital statistics stood as follows in the late 18th century:[7]
- Kingdom of Naples (including Sicily): 6,000,000 (400,000 in Naples), army of 60,000 to 80,0000, 2 ships of the lines and some frigates
- Republic of Venice: 3,500,000 (140,000 in the city of Venice itself), standing army and navy of 30,000, 12-15 ships of at least 54 guns plus frigates and brigs
- Kingdom of Sardinia: 2,900,000 (2,400,000 on the mainland and 500,000 on the island), 12-15 fortified cities and towns (largest being Turin at 80,000), standing army of 25,000, which could be raised to 50,000 in a time of war and 100,000 with militia
- Papal States: 2,400,000 (140,000 in the city of Rome), standing army of 6,000 to 7,000
- Austrian Lombardy (Duchy of Milan, Duchy of Mantua, and minor territories): 1,100,000 (40,000 in the city of Milan itself)
- Grand Duchy of Tuscany: 1,000,000 (80,000 in Florence), standing army of 6,000, navy of 3 frigates
- Republic of Genoa: 500,000 (100,000 in the city of Genoa itself)
- Duchy of Parma: 500,000 (40,000 in the city of Parma itself), standing army of 2,500 to 3,000
- Duchy of Modena: 350,000 (20,000 in the city of Modena itself), standing army of 5,000 to 6,000
- Republic of Lucca: 100,000
Total: 18.3 million
During Napoleonic times (1792–1815)
Sister republics of Revolutionary France
Republic of Alba
Anconine Republic
Astese Republic
Republic of Bergamo- Bolognese Republic
- Republic of Brescia
Cisalpine Republic
Cispadane Republic
Republic of Crema
Italian Republic- Ligurian Republic
Jacobin State of Lucca
Parthenopean Republic
Republic of Pescara- Piedmontese Republic
Roman Republic- Subalpine Republic
- Tiberina Republic
Transpadane Republic
In personal union with France
Client states of the First French Empire
Kingdom of Etruria
Kingdom of Naples
Principality of Lucca and Piombino
Principality of Benevento (Napoleonic) (it)
Principality of Pontecorvo
Other states
Kingdom of Sardinia- Kingdom of Sicily
Principality of Elba (non-hereditary Monarchy under the exiled Emperor Napoleon)- Republic of Cospaia
- Republic of San Marino
From the restoration to the unification
Following the defeat of Napoleon's France, the Congress of Vienna (1815) was convened to redraw the European continent. In Italy, the Congress restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments, either directly ruled or strongly influenced by the prevailing European powers, particularly Austria. The Congress also determined the end of two millenary republics: Genoa was annexed by the then Savoyard Kingdom of Sardinia, and Venice was incorporated with Milan into a new kingdom of the Austrian Empire.
At the time, the struggle for Italian unification was perceived to be waged primarily against the Habsburgs, since they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of present-day Italy and were the most powerful force against the Italian unification. The Austrian Empire vigorously repressed nationalist sentiment growing in its domains on the Italian Peninsula, as well as in the other parts of Habsburg domains.
Papal States- Kingdom of Sardinia
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (under Austrian Empire)
Kingdom of Illyria (under Austrian Empire)
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla
Duchy of Modena and Reggio- Duchy of Massa and Carrara
Duchy of Lucca- Principality of Monaco
- Republic of San Marino
- Republic of Cospaia
Republic of San Marco
Roman Republic
United Provinces of Central Italy
Post-unification
Kingdom of Italy
Republic of San Marino
Italian Regency of Carnaro- Free State of Fiume
- Italian Social Republic
Free Territory of Trieste
Italian Partisan Republics
The Italian Partisan Republics were the provisional state entities liberated by Italian partisans from the rule and occupation of Nazi Germany and the Italian Social Republic in 1944 during the Second World War. They were universally short-lived, with most of them being reconquered by the Wehrmacht within weeks of their formal establishments and re-incorporated into the Italian Social Republic.
Republic of Alba (10 October - 2 November)- Republic of Alto Monferrato (September - 2 December)
- Republic of Alto Tortonese (September - December)
- Republic of Bobbio (7 July - 27 August)
- Republic of the Cansiglio (July - September)
- Republic of Carnia (26 September - 10 October)
Republic of Carniola (it) (2 February - March 1944)- Republic of Oriental Friuli (30 June - September)
- Republic of Pigna (IM) (18 September 1944 - 8 October 1944)
- Republic of the Langhe (September - November)
- Republic of Montefiorino (it) (17 June - 1º August)
Republic of Ossola (10 September - 23 October)- Republic of Torriglia (it) (26 June - 27 November)
- Republic of the Ceno Valley (10 June - 11 July)
- Republic of the Enza Valley and the Parma Valley (June - July)
- Republic of the Maira Valley and the Varaita Valley (June - 21 August)
- Republic of the Taro Valley (it) (15 June - 24 July)
- Republic of the Lanzo Valley (25 June - September)
- Republic of the Sesia Valley (11 June - 10 July)
- Republic of Varzi (19/24 September - 29 November)
See also
- Italian city-states
- Maritime republics
- Medieval commune
- Signoria
References
- ↑ "End of Europe's Middle Ages - Italy's City-States". http://www.faculty.umb.edu/gary_zabel/Courses/Phil%20281b/Philosophy%20of%20Magic/Dante.%20etc/Philosophers/End/c-states.html.
- ↑ Bragadin, Marc'Antonio (2010) (in it). Storia delle repubbliche marinare. Odoya. ISBN 978-8862880824.
- ↑ Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator, Variae, Lib. II., XLI. Luduin regi Francorum Theodericus rex.
- ↑ Burman, Edward (1989) (in en). Italian Dynasties: Great Families of Italy from the Renaissance to the Present Day. Equation; First Edition. ISBN 1853360058.
- ↑ Christine Shaw, Michael Mallett. The Italian Wars 1494-1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe. Routledge.
- ↑ "Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis | European history" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/event/Peace-of-Cateau-Cambresis.
- ↑ Journal of the Private Life and Conversations of the Emperor, Vol. 3. Emmanuel-Auguste-Dieudonne comte de Las Cases. 1816.
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